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The Die is Cast

Edlyn V. Levine

Published Aug 31, 2020• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The future of hardware security will evolve with hardware. As packaging advances and focus moves to beyond Moore's law technologies, hardware security experts will need to keep ahead of changing security paradigms, including system and process vulnerabilities. Research focused on quantum hacking is emblematic of the translation of principles of security on the physical attack plane for emerging communications and computing technologies. Perhaps the commercial market will evolve such that the GAO will run a study on compromised quantum technologies in the not-too-distant future.

DOI
10.1145/3424302.3431245

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The future of hardware security will evolve with hardware. As packaging advances and focus moves to beyond Moore's law technologies, hardware security experts will need to keep ahead of changing security paradigms, including system and process vulnerabilities. Research focused on quantum hacking is emblematic of the translation of principles of security on the physical attack plane for emerging communications and computing technologies. Perhaps the commercial market will evolve such that the GAO will run a study on compromised quantum technologies in the not-too-distant future.
Quantum computing (QC) is an emerging paradigm with the potential to transform numerous application domains by addressing classically intractable problems. However, its growing presence in cyberspace has introduced new security and privacy challenges. Similar to classical computing systems, the QC stack including software and hardware relies extensively on third parties, many of which are emerging and trust-seeking or less-trusted. This stack often contains sensitive intellectual property (IP) that demands protection. Unique features of quantum systems can enable classical-style attacks: for instance, crosstalk in multitenant settings can facilitate fault-injection attacks, while malicious calibration services can misreport error rates or miscalibrate qubits to induce denial-of-service (DoS) conditions. Given the high cost and limited availability of likely trustworthy quantum hardware, users may be enticed to explore emerging and trust-seeking but cheaper and readily available quantum hardware, which can enable the stealth of IP and tampering of quantum programs and/or computation outcomes. Similarly, emerging compilation services may compromise circuit confidentiality or insert Trojans. Despite the strategic significance of QC and its potential to process sensitive information, its security and privacy concerns remain underexplored. This article presents a comprehensive overview of QC fundamentals, key vulnerabilities, recent attack vectors, and corresponding defenses, and concludes with directions for future research to strengthen the quantum security community.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging networking paradigm that decouples the control and data plane in order to enable programmable and flexible networks, optimizing its applications and advancing computer systems. It does so through its architecture, a key part of which is a centralized network management through open interfaces that revolutionizes the way in which networks are designed and makes them more agile and versatile to the evolving needs of modern and future applications services. This also means, however, that there is now a centralized point of attack that is a major vulnerability, threatening the security of the entire network. With such an advanced network paradigm, it requires a security system that will mitigate these risks and warrant long-term security. In attempts to allow secure communications within the network, this research proposes the implementation of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), leveraging quantum mechanics to secure the network against any computational advancements in the future. QKD is a recent cryptographic system that includes a traditional-computational channel and a physical-quantum channel to generate and distribute keys between parties. It uses the principles of quantum mechanics including entanglement and superposition to ensure that the physical layer cannot be compromised computationally. QKD provides confidentiality and privacy of information and communication. Moreover, it is resistant to technological advancements. The implications of QKD significantly enhance SDN security through its protection against attacks, efficient key distribution, reliable network orchestration, and data integrity, creating an architecture that establishes stable communication channels that are resistant to cyber threats.
As quantum computers advance, they will fundamentally change the ways the information systems that currently secure communications, financial systems, healthcare records, government databases and critical infrastructure are protected. Although quantum technologies offer great promise for future scientific endeavors and processing power, they also present new dangers for cybersecurity. This paper explores the threats that are emerging as a result of Quantum Computing, focusing on the vulnerability of popular public-key cryptographic methods like RSA, Diffie–Hellman and Elliptic Curve Cryptography. The study also delves into the consequences of "harvest now, decrypt later": Information encrypted today could be made available when sufficiently strong quantum computers are ready. The research adopts a qualitative approach with a thorough literature survey of scholarly works on quantum-safe security standards, international cybersecurity frameworks, and recent advancements in the field. It evaluates the readiness of organizations, governments and technology vendors to deal with the changing threats of quantum computing. The study also highlights emerging counter measures, such as post quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution, cryptographic agility, zero trust security architectures, and risk-based migration strategies to build long-term cyber resilience. The results indicate that while large-scale quantum computers are still being developed which could compromise current encryption systems, it is important to plan ahead and implement quantum-resistant technologies to mitigate future security risks. To achieve quantum-safe cybersecurity, a concerted effort is needed, involving a collaboration between policymakers, researchers, industry players and standardization organizations, to provide secure digital ecosystems. In the end, the paper argues that a blend of quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions and adaptive cybersecurity governance and continuous innovation will be a critical enabler in protecting information assets in the quantum era. The study will contribute to the existing body of work on quantum cybersecurity and provide insights into the challenges and opportunities of creating secure and future-proof cybersecurity systems.