Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Low-Autocorrelation Random Number Generator Based on Adiabatic Quantum-Flux-Parametron Logic

Wenhui Luo, Naoki Takeuchi, Olivia Chen, Nobuyuki Yoshikawa

Published Apr 1, 2021• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a true random number generator (TRNG) based on adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic. This AQFP TRNG corresponds to an AQFP buffer chain with the input current removed, which enables the generation of random bits via thermal fluctuation. To realize ultralow autocorrelation, several isolation inductors are inserted between adjacent buffers in the AQFP TRNG, thereby reducing the impact of the back action between buffers. We design and fabricate an AQFP TRNG using the AIST 10 kA/cm2Nb high-speed standard process and evaluate the quality of the generated random bit streams. For a 217-bit random stream obtained from the AQFP TRNG at 100 kHz, the autocorrelation function is 5.00 × 10-3. Furthermore, we evaluate a 220-bit random stream from the AQFP TRNG using a statistical test suite provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The bit stream passed 14 out of 15 tests, which suggests that the proposed AQFP TRNG can be used for applications such as stochastic computing and stochastic local search algorithms.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2021.3070460

Related papers

Scalable true random number generator using adiabatic superconductor logic

Wenhui Luo, Olivia Chen, Nobuyuki Yoshikawa +1 more

Alternative computing such as stochastic computing and bio-inspired computing holds promise for overcoming the limitations of von Neumann computers. However, one difficulty in the implementation of such alternative computing is the need for a large number of random bits at the same time. To address this issue, we propose a scalable true-random-number generating scheme that we refer to as XORing shift registers (XSR). XSR generates multiple uncorrelated true random bitstreams using only two true random number generators as entropy sources and can thus be implemented by a variety of logic devices. Toward superconducting alternative computing, we implement XSR using an energy-efficient superconductor logic family, adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic. Furthermore, to demonstrate its performance, we design and observe an AQFP-based XSR circuit that generates four random bitstreams in parallel. The results of the experiment confirm that the bitstreams generated by the XSR circuit exhibit no autocorrelation and that there is no correlation between the bitstreams.

Scientific Reports•Nov 21, 2022•9 citations

Binary Counters Using Adiabatic Quantum-Flux-Parametron Logic

Taiki Yamae, Naoki Takeuchi, Nobuyuki Yoshikawa

Adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic is an energy-efficient superconductor logic family. In this article, we design binary counters, namely an up counter, a down counter, and an up/down counter, based on AQFP logic. These binary counters are T-flip-flop-based and count logic 1s in the input signal that is synchronized with excitation currents, which clock the counters. The internal state of a T flip-flop changes when the internal state of the previous T flip-flop changes from logic 1 to 0 and from logic 0 to 1 for the count-up and count-down operations, respectively. Each internal state of a T flip-flop is read out serially by a buffer chain coupled to the T flip-flops. We fabricate 4-bit up, down, and up/down counters using the AIST 10 kA/cm2Nb high-speed standard process and demonstrate their correct operation at low frequency. This is the first demonstration of binary counters based on AQFP logic.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Dec 14, 2020•12 citations

Superconductive Random Number Generator Using Thermal Noises in SFQ Circuits

Yuki Yamanashi, Nobuyuki Yoshikawa

A novel high-speed physical random number generator using the superconductive single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits and thermal noises in the circuit has been proposed. The proposed physical random number generator is similar to an SFQ balanced comparator. Thermal noises in shunt resisters are used to obtain random outputs. Because of the high-sensitivity of SFQ circuits, the true random numbers can be generated without amplification of the noises at high clock frequency. Generation of the true random numbers at the frequency of several tens GHz can be realized by using the proposed circuit. Moreover, the circuit scale of the proposed circuit is very small and the generation frequency of the random number generator can be easily enhanced by parallelizing the circuits. We have designed and tested the superconductive physical random number generator using the 2.5 kA/cm2Nb standard process and evaluated the quality of the generated random number train. We have examined a 220-bit random number train generated at a low frequency and no periodicity is observed. We believe that the superconductive physical random number generator can be applied to cryptographic applications for more secure information processing.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Jun 1, 2009•43 citations

Demonstration of 30 Gbit/s Generation of Superconductive True Random Number Generator

Tatsuro Sugiura, Yuki Yamanashi, Nobuyuki Yoshikawa

True random number generators, which output truly random numbers by extracting entropy from physical phenomena such as thermal and electronic noises, are widely used in the field of the cryptographic communication systems. We have been developing a superconductive true random number generator that can generate truly random number sequences, impossible to be predicted, by utilizing the high-speed operation and high-sensitivity of superconductive integrated circuits. In this study, we have calculated the dependences of correlation of output random bits on the generation rate. Statistical tests have been performed on the basis of the NIST statistical test suite in order to evaluate the quality of the randomness of sequences generated by the superconductive true random number generator at high generation rate. We have generated a random number sequence consisting of 3.2 M-bit at the generation rate of 30 Gbit/s using the superconductive true random number generator, fabricated by the ISTEC-SRL 2.5 kA/cm2Nb standard process. The generated random number sequences passed 13 kinds of the statistical tests in the NIST statistical test suit, although the 3 tests were not performed because of the shortage of the generated random numbers. The result sufficiently proves that a superconductive true random number generator can generate a high quality of random numbers that can be used for practical cryptographic applications, at a generation rate of up to 30 Gbit/s.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Dec 23, 2010•44 citations

Quantum true random number generation on IBM’s cloud platform

Vaishnavi Kumar, John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, Rengarajan Amirtharajan +1 more

Random numbers are the lifeline of any cryptographic operation in modern computing. Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG) can yield real random data to replace random-looking periodic sequences. Here, we present the fastest QTRNG on factual Quantum Computational Devices (QCD) locally on our device to save time. To construct a random number generator, the IBM Q Experience called Qiskit is used. The ease of our source Hadamard gate pooled with its verifiably sole randomness is imperative for attaining quantum random number generators at no cost. The inner matrix product of the square of the Hadamard gate is proved to be identified in the quantum lab. Applying the H gate twice on the quantum register cancelled out the H gate pair. It acted as a single Hadamard gate that was practically visualised using the IMB Q experience. The 24-qubit random number is experimented with and investigated in this work. The min-entropy of such generated random numbers is 0.0007244 with the worst-case entropy value of 0.999507. Besides, subsequent verification of genuine randomness was confirmed by steering restart experimentation, & the statistical properties of TRNG were evaluated over autocorrelation study, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-90B & 800-22 tests.

Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences•Jan 31, 2022•39 citations

Hardware Random Number Generator Using Josephson Oscillation and SFQ Logic Circuits

Takeshi Onomi, Yoshinao Mizugaki

A hardware random number generator using Josephson oscillation and a few single flux quantum (SFQ) logic gates is presented. The logic circuit of the random number generator consists of one toggle flip flop and one and gate. A prototype random number generator is designed by logic cells based on a 2.5-kA/cm2Nb/AlOx/Nb integration process. The fundamental operation at a few hundred megahertz of the random number sampling frequency is confirmed by numerical simulation when a DC/SFQ converter is used for generating trigger signals. An additional delay line using an overdamped Josephson transmission line is used for increasing the timing jitter to get random numbers. The delay line makes it possible for the random number generator to operate over 1 GHz. To confirm the fundamental operation of the circuit, a primitive SFQ random number generator is fabricated using the AIST standard process with 2.5-kA/cm2Nb/AlOx/Nb junctions and the standard logic cell library. A random number generation based on a low-speed functional test is successfully confirmed.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•May 4, 2020•11 citations
We propose a true random number generator (TRNG) based on adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic. This AQFP TRNG corresponds to an AQFP buffer chain with the input current removed, which enables the generation of random bits via thermal fluctuation. To realize ultralow autocorrelation, several isolation inductors are inserted between adjacent buffers in the AQFP TRNG, thereby reducing the impact of the back action between buffers. We design and fabricate an AQFP TRNG using the AIST 10 kA/cm2Nb high-speed standard process and evaluate the quality of the generated random bit streams. For a 217-bit random stream obtained from the AQFP TRNG at 100 kHz, the autocorrelation function is 5.00 × 10-3. Furthermore, we evaluate a 220-bit random stream from the AQFP TRNG using a statistical test suite provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The bit stream passed 14 out of 15 tests, which suggests that the proposed AQFP TRNG can be used for applications such as stochastic computing and stochastic local search algorithms.
Alternative computing such as stochastic computing and bio-inspired computing holds promise for overcoming the limitations of von Neumann computers. However, one difficulty in the implementation of such alternative computing is the need for a large number of random bits at the same time. To address this issue, we propose a scalable true-random-number generating scheme that we refer to as XORing shift registers (XSR). XSR generates multiple uncorrelated true random bitstreams using only two true random number generators as entropy sources and can thus be implemented by a variety of logic devices. Toward superconducting alternative computing, we implement XSR using an energy-efficient superconductor logic family, adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic. Furthermore, to demonstrate its performance, we design and observe an AQFP-based XSR circuit that generates four random bitstreams in parallel. The results of the experiment confirm that the bitstreams generated by the XSR circuit exhibit no autocorrelation and that there is no correlation between the bitstreams.
Adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic is an energy-efficient superconductor logic family. In this article, we design binary counters, namely an up counter, a down counter, and an up/down counter, based on AQFP logic. These binary counters are T-flip-flop-based and count logic 1s in the input signal that is synchronized with excitation currents, which clock the counters. The internal state of a T flip-flop changes when the internal state of the previous T flip-flop changes from logic 1 to 0 and from logic 0 to 1 for the count-up and count-down operations, respectively. Each internal state of a T flip-flop is read out serially by a buffer chain coupled to the T flip-flops. We fabricate 4-bit up, down, and up/down counters using the AIST 10 kA/cm2Nb high-speed standard process and demonstrate their correct operation at low frequency. This is the first demonstration of binary counters based on AQFP logic.
A novel high-speed physical random number generator using the superconductive single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits and thermal noises in the circuit has been proposed. The proposed physical random number generator is similar to an SFQ balanced comparator. Thermal noises in shunt resisters are used to obtain random outputs. Because of the high-sensitivity of SFQ circuits, the true random numbers can be generated without amplification of the noises at high clock frequency. Generation of the true random numbers at the frequency of several tens GHz can be realized by using the proposed circuit. Moreover, the circuit scale of the proposed circuit is very small and the generation frequency of the random number generator can be easily enhanced by parallelizing the circuits. We have designed and tested the superconductive physical random number generator using the 2.5 kA/cm2Nb standard process and evaluated the quality of the generated random number train. We have examined a 220-bit random number train generated at a low frequency and no periodicity is observed. We believe that the superconductive physical random number generator can be applied to cryptographic applications for more secure information processing.
True random number generators, which output truly random numbers by extracting entropy from physical phenomena such as thermal and electronic noises, are widely used in the field of the cryptographic communication systems. We have been developing a superconductive true random number generator that can generate truly random number sequences, impossible to be predicted, by utilizing the high-speed operation and high-sensitivity of superconductive integrated circuits. In this study, we have calculated the dependences of correlation of output random bits on the generation rate. Statistical tests have been performed on the basis of the NIST statistical test suite in order to evaluate the quality of the randomness of sequences generated by the superconductive true random number generator at high generation rate. We have generated a random number sequence consisting of 3.2 M-bit at the generation rate of 30 Gbit/s using the superconductive true random number generator, fabricated by the ISTEC-SRL 2.5 kA/cm2Nb standard process. The generated random number sequences passed 13 kinds of the statistical tests in the NIST statistical test suit, although the 3 tests were not performed because of the shortage of the generated random numbers. The result sufficiently proves that a superconductive true random number generator can generate a high quality of random numbers that can be used for practical cryptographic applications, at a generation rate of up to 30 Gbit/s.
Random numbers are the lifeline of any cryptographic operation in modern computing. Quantum True Random Number Generator (QTRNG) can yield real random data to replace random-looking periodic sequences. Here, we present the fastest QTRNG on factual Quantum Computational Devices (QCD) locally on our device to save time. To construct a random number generator, the IBM Q Experience called Qiskit is used. The ease of our source Hadamard gate pooled with its verifiably sole randomness is imperative for attaining quantum random number generators at no cost. The inner matrix product of the square of the Hadamard gate is proved to be identified in the quantum lab. Applying the H gate twice on the quantum register cancelled out the H gate pair. It acted as a single Hadamard gate that was practically visualised using the IMB Q experience. The 24-qubit random number is experimented with and investigated in this work. The min-entropy of such generated random numbers is 0.0007244 with the worst-case entropy value of 0.999507. Besides, subsequent verification of genuine randomness was confirmed by steering restart experimentation, & the statistical properties of TRNG were evaluated over autocorrelation study, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-90B & 800-22 tests.
A hardware random number generator using Josephson oscillation and a few single flux quantum (SFQ) logic gates is presented. The logic circuit of the random number generator consists of one toggle flip flop and one and gate. A prototype random number generator is designed by logic cells based on a 2.5-kA/cm2Nb/AlOx/Nb integration process. The fundamental operation at a few hundred megahertz of the random number sampling frequency is confirmed by numerical simulation when a DC/SFQ converter is used for generating trigger signals. An additional delay line using an overdamped Josephson transmission line is used for increasing the timing jitter to get random numbers. The delay line makes it possible for the random number generator to operate over 1 GHz. To confirm the fundamental operation of the circuit, a primitive SFQ random number generator is fabricated using the AIST standard process with 2.5-kA/cm2Nb/AlOx/Nb junctions and the standard logic cell library. A random number generation based on a low-speed functional test is successfully confirmed.