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Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation

Three-photon discrete-energy-entangled W state in optical fiber

Virginia O. Lorenz

Published Mar 4, 2021• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The tripartite W state exhibits maximal entanglement between three parties, represented as 1/sqrt(3)(|001>+|010>+|100>), and has interesting applications for quantum communication, fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, and in quantum sensing and quantum computing. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of a three-photon discrete-energy-entangled W state in optical fiber. The source relies on multiphoton-pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing, and post-selection. By taking advantage of constraints imposed by the SFWM process, post-selection, and the properties of the W state, we verify the state produced by this source without resorting to frequency conversion.

DOI
10.1117/12.2583135

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The tripartite W state exhibits maximal entanglement between three parties, represented as 1/sqrt(3)(|001>+|010>+|100>), and has interesting applications for quantum communication, fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, and in quantum sensing and quantum computing. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of a three-photon discrete-energy-entangled W state in optical fiber. The source relies on multiphoton-pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing, and post-selection. By taking advantage of constraints imposed by the SFWM process, post-selection, and the properties of the W state, we verify the state produced by this source without resorting to frequency conversion.
Tripartite entangled states, such as Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states, are appealing for tests of fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, as well as for implementations of quantum communication protocols. While the information is typically encoded in the polarization or path of the photons, we propose a feasible scheme to generate W states that are entangled in the energy degree of freedom. This is achieved by propagating photon pairs generated by parametric fluorescence in a linear optical circuit and post-selecting on the output channels. Such source can be easily integrated, profiting from high stability and a compact footprint. We also present a simple protocol to characterize the generated tripartite state, which is based on the reduced density matrix approach. Unexpectedly, although we rely on the energy degree of freedom, the full state tomography does not require any frequency conversion.
In this paper, a generation scheme for telecom band hyper-entanglement is proposed and demonstrated based on the vector spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) processes in optical fibers. Two kinds of two-photon states are generated, one is hyper-entangled in the degree of freedoms (DOFs) of energy-time and polarization, the other is hyper-entangled in DOFs of energy-time and discrete-frequency. Experiments of Franson-type interference, two-photon interference under non-orthogonal polarization bases and spatial quantum beating are realized to demonstrate the entanglement in energy-time, polarization and frequency, respectively. This scheme provides a simple way to realize telecom band hyper-entanglement, which has potential for large geographic-scale applications of quantum communication and quantum information over optical fibers.
Quantum entanglement has been an extremely active field of research, both theoretically and experimentally. Studies on entanglement are fundamental to improving our basic understanding of quantum mechanics. As our understanding of the phenomenon grows, so does interest in using it to advance various technological fields: communications, computing, and sensing, to name just a few. It is now known that entangled photon pairs can be generated through a process known as Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing (SFWM). In this paper, we report the generation of entangled photon pairs in time intervals by spontaneous four-wave mixing in a nonlinear fiber optic ring resonator. The requirements for efficient SFWM are quite similar to those for classical FWM, but they require even greater precision, especially for quantum applications. To achieve a measurable pair generation rate, a high-intensity pump laser is essential. The nonlinear medium must have high nonlinearity and confinement. This technique is compatible with contemporary fiber, enabling compact, low-cost, and scalable implementations such as quantum memories.
Based on the theory of third-order nonlinear Kerr effect in optical fiber, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of photon pairs by exploiting spontaneous four-wave mixing. The photon pairs are produced by pumping a fiber Sagnac loop and a piece of straight fiber with a pulsed laser, respectively. By comparing the experimental results, we analyze how to optimize the experimental parameters to obtain entangled photon pairs with high purity. Our results are useful for developing the all-fiber source of photon pairs and single photon source, which are well suited for quantum communication.