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Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute

Linear Paul Trap for Quantum Logic Experiments

Ilya A. Semerikov, Ilia V. Zalivako, Alexander S. Borisenko, Mikhail A. Aksenov, N. Kolachevsky, Ksenia Yu. Khabarova

Published Dec 1, 2020• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The design of a linear ion Paul trap for quantum-logical operations on ultracold ions with high reliability is developed. The general requirements for the trap are presented, its parameters are optimized, and electric fields are numerically simulated.
DOI
10.3103/s1068335620120155

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We have designed and built a new linear Paul trap to expand our capability for carrying out high-fidelity quantum logic. We have identified some key limitations of our existing trap: the presence of a magnetic field gradient of 0.6 milligauss per micrometre, which limits the fidelity of Bell state preparation; a high axial micromotion amplitude, which limits the fidelity of operations on linear ion crystals; and a small numerical aperture in the imaging system, which restricts the collection efficiency and thus the performance of remote entanglement experiments. We have carried out theoretical investigations into axial ion micromotion, including a full analysis of ion motion, using numerical simulations to understand the impact of electrode geometry. We have considered the effect of ion micromotion on the excitation spectrum, and how the micromotion sidebands can be used to selectively address ions within a linear crystal. Based on this work, electrode design parameters have been selected for the new trap to prioritise sideband addressing while maintaining the most useful properties of the existing design. We have redesigned the mechanical structure of the trap, carefully considering manufacturing limitations, to minimise the magnetic field gradient, increase the numerical aperture to 0.6 and accurately align the electrodes. Additionally, we have considered methods of characterising the trap performance to assess how well the design criteria have been met.
Qubit systems based on trapped ultracold ions win one of the leading positions in the quantum computing field, demonstrating quantum algorithms with the highest complexity to date. Surface Paul traps for ion confinement open the opportunity to scale quantum processors to hundreds of qubits and enable high-connectivity manipulations on ions. To fabricate such a system with certain characteristics, the special design of a surface electrode structure is required. The depth of the trapping potential, the stability parameter, the secular frequency and the distance between an ion and the trap surface should be optimized for better performance. Here, we present the optimized design of a relatively simple surface trap that allows several important high-fidelity primitives: tight ion confinement, laser cooling, and wide optical access. The suggested trap design also allows us to perform an important basic operation, namely, splitting an ion chain into two parts.
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The outstanding degree of control over trapped ions in Paul traps gives rise to the development of novel quantum manipulation techniques. Optical transitions can be used for precise manipulation of internal and external states. This way, non-classical states can be created which are a key component of quantum algorithms based on quantum logic operations. This powerful optical toolbox enabled the trapped ion system to assume leadership in the field of quantum computation. This thesis addresses two major challenges in the field of micro ion trap quantum optics. The temperature dependence of the heating rate from the ion trap surface is analysed in a novel cryogenic micro ion trap. Furthermore segmented traps allow state manipulations by time dependent electrical potentials, generated by the control voltages. These electrical fields provide a fast and reliable control handle to the ions external degrees of freedom. Quantum computation in Paul trap arrays is based on a combination of ion crystal transport, splitting and merging operations, while laser driven quantum state manipulations are mainly carried out on small ion crystals. Within this thesis a basic building block was realised by performing transport operations with a single ground-state cooled ion. As a highlight of experimental achievements, shuttling in the non-adiabatic regime, on the timescale of the motional period was demonstrated with low residual energy transfer. For his endeavour a specialised low noise arbitrary function generator was designed and manufactured during this thesis. Arbitrary voltage ramps at a sampling rate of up to 2.5 MS/s on up to 12 channels allow the study of a novel excitation method by directly manipulating the ion using electrical forces. Accurate numerical simulations in combination with the fast high resolution voltage supply allow deterministic quantum manipulations via momentum kicks. I report the first experimental demonstration of displaced number states with trapped ions.
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We present a segmented linear surface electrode ion trap design that can be used for various applications in optical clocks and quantum computation based on trapped 171Yb+ ions. Our simulations show that calculated trap depth can reach up to several electronvolts and that the pseudopotential minimum of the trap is located above the trap surface at a distance greater than 80 μm. The described pseudopotential simulations and calculations of different trap parameters can be used to design the planar trap with required parameters. This design could be scaled to store a long chain of ions and used for quantum logic applications as well.