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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Modeling photon pair generation by second-order surface nonlinearity in silica nanofibers

Abderrahim Azzoune, Philippe Delaye, Gilles Pauliat

Published Feb 8, 2021• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we present a design of an all-fiber source of correlated photon pairs based on standard telecommunications tapered fibers. We examine the generation of correlated photon pairs using parametric process χ ( 2 ) in silica tapered optical fibers. This nonlinear process is ensured thanks to surface dipole and bulk multipole nonlinearities. The process of photon creation is modeled by taking into account the vector aspect of the propagation of the optical field in a silica nanofiber. The phase matching is provided by propagating the pump field in one spatial mode while generating a photon pair in another spatial mode. The generation efficiency of photon pairs depends on diameter uniformity of the nanofiber after the manufacturing process. We size this nanofiber for a good optimization of photon pair generation efficiency, and we report that the tolerance in diameter uniformity is Δ d = 2 n m for a generation rate of photon pairs estimated to N ph ≈ 22 000 p a i r s / s , for 1 W power pump and a nanofiber length of 1.1 mm. Deposits on the nanofiber can be used in order to relax the manufacturing constraints on diameter to maximize the generation rate of photon pairs. As an example, the use of polytetrafluoroethylene on the nanofiber applied as a cladding whose thickness is infinite makes it possible to relax the constraints on the nanofiber diameter. For the same Δ d = 2 n m , a generation rate of photon pairs estimated to N ph ≈ 78 000 p a i r s / s for 1 W power pump and a nanofiber length of 2.4 mm is predicted.

DOI
10.1364/josab.418661

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•Jan 1, 2012•1 citation
In this paper, we present a design of an all-fiber source of correlated photon pairs based on standard telecommunications tapered fibers. We examine the generation of correlated photon pairs using parametric process χ ( 2 ) in silica tapered optical fibers. This nonlinear process is ensured thanks to surface dipole and bulk multipole nonlinearities. The process of photon creation is modeled by taking into account the vector aspect of the propagation of the optical field in a silica nanofiber. The phase matching is provided by propagating the pump field in one spatial mode while generating a photon pair in another spatial mode. The generation efficiency of photon pairs depends on diameter uniformity of the nanofiber after the manufacturing process. We size this nanofiber for a good optimization of photon pair generation efficiency, and we report that the tolerance in diameter uniformity is Δ d = 2 n m for a generation rate of photon pairs estimated to N ph ≈ 22 000 p a i r s / s , for 1 W power pump and a nanofiber length of 1.1 mm. Deposits on the nanofiber can be used in order to relax the manufacturing constraints on diameter to maximize the generation rate of photon pairs. As an example, the use of polytetrafluoroethylene on the nanofiber applied as a cladding whose thickness is infinite makes it possible to relax the constraints on the nanofiber diameter. For the same Δ d = 2 n m , a generation rate of photon pairs estimated to N ph ≈ 78 000 p a i r s / s for 1 W power pump and a nanofiber length of 2.4 mm is predicted.
Entangled quantum states generation is crucial for quantum cryptography, particularly in quantum key distribution (QKD). While optical fibers enable low-loss photon transmission, standard silica fibers exhibit weak nonlinearities for spontaneous parametric processes. This paper proposes an optimized scheme for entangled quantum states generation in subwavelength silica nanofibers, leveraging effective second-order nonlinearities χ(2)induced by surface inversion symmetry breaking. Unlike bulk silica, tapered silica nanofibers exhibit significant second-order responses via surface dipole and bulk quadrupole nonlinearities, enabling spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). Our key innovation is a second-order nonlinear coating (PMMA/DR1 encapsulated with Teflon), enhancing χeff(2)\chi _{eff}^{(2)}χeff(2)​ and boosting the spectral density efficiency of entangled quantum states generation by a factor of 103. This approach optimizes phase matching while maintaining optical stability and minimizing scattering losses. Additionally, the proposed source inherently avoids spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) noise, which is a major limitation in fiber-based SPDC systems, ensuring high-purity entangled quantum states generation. Our results demonstrate that silica nanofibers, with tailored nonlinear coatings, offer a scalable platform for integrated quantum light sources in fiber-based quantum networks.
We report on the use of PMMA/DR1 coating to enhance the efficiency of photon pair generation in silica nanofibers. The coating improves the second-order nonlinear susceptibility of the nanofibers, leading to improved photon pair generation efficiency. We investigate the effect of varying the nonlinear optical properties of the composite material, and we characterize the photon pair generation efficiency of the coated silica nanofibers. Our modelling results show a significant enhancement in photon pair generation efficiency by a factor of 1000 compared to a bare silica nanofiber.
Abstract Spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in optical micro-/nanofibers is studied theoretically and experimentally. Joint spectral intensity of the biphoton field generated via SFWM under excitation of femtosecond laser pulses is measured and calculated considering self-phase modulation of the pump pulses and SFWM throughout the tapered fibers. In comparison with the previous study (Shukhin et al 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 053822), replacing picosecond pump by a femtosecond one with the same average power makes it possible to increase the photon pair generation rate tenfold.
We study the generation of frequency nondegenerate correlated photon pairs and heralded single photons via spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in a series of identical micro- or nanofibers (MNFs). Joint spectral intensity of the biphoton field generated at wavelengths of about 880 and 1310 nm has been measured under excitation by 100-ps laser pulses demonstrating good agreement with the theoretical prediction. The measured zero-time second-order autocorrelation function was about 0.2 when the emission rate of the heralded photons was of 4 Hz. The MNF-based source perfectly matches standard single-mode fibers, which makes it compatible with the existing fiber communication networks. In addition, SFWM observation in a series of identical MNFs allows for increasing the generation rate of single photons via spatial multiplexing.
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of near-IR correlated photon pairs via Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing (SFWM) using a 13 cm-long MNF which has air-cladding waveguide structure with sub-micron diameter [1]. Since the dispersion property of optical fiber is heavily linked to its diameter, each wavelength of pair photon can be engineerable by tapering an optical fiber to the desired diameter satisfying the phase matching condition. Here, by using the tapered-MNF with 615 nm-diameter, signal and idler photons are generated at the wavelengths of 850 nm and 632 nm, respectively, in which Si-based single-photon detector has the high quantum efficiency (Q.E.) more than 50 % for both wavelengths.
This thesis presents single photon generation and spectroscopy using quantum dots (q-dots) on optical nanofibers. Optical nanofibers are essentially vacuum-clad silica fibers with sub-wavelength diameter, which can support only the propagation of the fundamental mode through the guided mode. Optical nanofibers are realized using adiabatically tapered single mode optical fibers. Experiments were performed by depositing colloidal core-shell type CdSeTe (ZnS) q-dots on the optical nanofiber surface. A method is developed to deposit single q-dots systematically and reproducibly along the optical nanofiber. In the view point of investigation of fluorescence photon emission characteristics for single q-dots on optical nanofibers, the absolute fluorescence photon-count rates channeled into the nanofiber guided modes and the normalized photon correlations at various excitation laser intensities are measured. The results are able to obtain the product between the fluorescence photon channeling efficiency and the quantum efficiency of the single q-dots. However, the channeling efficiency cannot be determined without accurate information on the quantum efficiency of the single q-dots. Therefore, a method is devised to determine the channeling of fluorescence photons from single q-dots into the guided modes by measuring the fluorescence photon-count rates through the guided and radiation modes simultaneously. By measuring for various nanofiber diameters, a maximum channeling efficiency obtained to be 22.0 (±4.8)% at a fiber diameter of 350 nm for an emission wavelength of 780 nm. The measured results completely reproduce the theoretical predictions within the experimental error. We demonstrate in situ measurements of fluorescence quantum efficiency of single q-dots using the present nanofiber technique. We determine fluorescence quantum efficiency of single q-dots accurately by assuming the theoretical values for the channeling efficiency from the product of the channeling efficiency and the quantum efficiency. We demonstrate that one can pick up one q-dot on the nanofiber with fluorescence quantum efficiency higher than the average value measured for an ensemble. Thus, the optical nanofiber method offers a promising way for generating and manipulating single photons. This work should provide a basis for extending the optical nanofiber method to a general technique in quantum optics, which may open new possibilities in quantum information technologies.