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Acta Physica Sinica

A scheme of quantum packet transmission and its performance analysis based on hierarchical

Wang Lin-Fei, Min Nie, Yang Guang, Meiling Zhang, Changxing Pei

Published Jan 1, 2016• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

By using quantum packet transmission technology in large scale quantum communication networks, the throughput of transmission node, network link utilization, and the anti-interference performance of communication can be effectively improved. However, the fast transmission of quantum packets is closely related to the performance of router. The bottleneck of the router performance will seriously affect the scalability of the network and the transmission efficiency of the link. In order to reduce the number of quantum packet queues in nodes of the quantum communication network and to reduce the transmission delay of quantum packets, firstly, according to the classical computer communication network structure, in our paper, we divide the quantum communication network into quantum local area network, quantum metropolitan area network and quantum wide area network. Secondly, the quantum packet format and the quantum cluster format compatible with the packet format in the computer network are determined. Then, a quantum information packet transmission scheme based on the hierarchy is proposed, to realize the end-to-end transmission of quantum information. In our scheme, the quantum packets are divided into quantum packet header information and quantum data information. Quantum dense coding mode is used to transmit the quantum packet header information, while the quantum data information uses quantum teleportation to transmit. First, the quantum packets are sent to the router of the quantum local area network at source address, then the quantum LAN router relay the packets to the quantum metropolitan area network router, the router here makes the quantum packets into quantum cluster according to destination address. Quantum clusters are transmitted in the quantum metropolitan area network and quantum wide area network, ending in the quantum metropolitan area network routing. After the quantum clusters are decomposed, they are sent to the destination address through the local area network router of each quantum packet.We analyze the number of quantum entanglement pairs and the total transmission time in our scheme. The results show that the more the routers by the quantum packet and the quantum cluster are, the more the number of quantum entanglement pairs required by the transmission of a certain quantum packet is. When the number of routers is certain, the number of entanglement pairs required in the transmission process of quantum packet and quantum cluster depends on the number of quantum packets. Finally, the theoretical analysis and calculation are carried out by Matlab simulation, the results show that hierarchical quantum packet information transmission scheme can effectively reduce the transmission time of quantum packet information in the quantum communication network, and the reduced time is related to the quantum router performance and the number of quantum packets to send: the more the number of quantum packets to send, the longer the length of packet processing time needs is and the more obvious the advantage of our scheme is. Therefore, the proposed scheme in this paper is suitable for the construction of large scale quantum communication networks.

DOI
10.7498/aps.65.130302

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By using quantum packet transmission technology in large scale quantum communication networks, the throughput of transmission node, network link utilization, and the anti-interference performance of communication can be effectively improved. However, the fast transmission of quantum packets is closely related to the performance of router. The bottleneck of the router performance will seriously affect the scalability of the network and the transmission efficiency of the link. In order to reduce the number of quantum packet queues in nodes of the quantum communication network and to reduce the transmission delay of quantum packets, firstly, according to the classical computer communication network structure, in our paper, we divide the quantum communication network into quantum local area network, quantum metropolitan area network and quantum wide area network. Secondly, the quantum packet format and the quantum cluster format compatible with the packet format in the computer network are determined. Then, a quantum information packet transmission scheme based on the hierarchy is proposed, to realize the end-to-end transmission of quantum information. In our scheme, the quantum packets are divided into quantum packet header information and quantum data information. Quantum dense coding mode is used to transmit the quantum packet header information, while the quantum data information uses quantum teleportation to transmit. First, the quantum packets are sent to the router of the quantum local area network at source address, then the quantum LAN router relay the packets to the quantum metropolitan area network router, the router here makes the quantum packets into quantum cluster according to destination address. Quantum clusters are transmitted in the quantum metropolitan area network and quantum wide area network, ending in the quantum metropolitan area network routing. After the quantum clusters are decomposed, they are sent to the destination address through the local area network router of each quantum packet.We analyze the number of quantum entanglement pairs and the total transmission time in our scheme. The results show that the more the routers by the quantum packet and the quantum cluster are, the more the number of quantum entanglement pairs required by the transmission of a certain quantum packet is. When the number of routers is certain, the number of entanglement pairs required in the transmission process of quantum packet and quantum cluster depends on the number of quantum packets. Finally, the theoretical analysis and calculation are carried out by Matlab simulation, the results show that hierarchical quantum packet information transmission scheme can effectively reduce the transmission time of quantum packet information in the quantum communication network, and the reduced time is related to the quantum router performance and the number of quantum packets to send: the more the number of quantum packets to send, the longer the length of packet processing time needs is and the more obvious the advantage of our scheme is. Therefore, the proposed scheme in this paper is suitable for the construction of large scale quantum communication networks.
Quantum entanglement swapping can be used to establish reliable quantum remote transmission channel so as to realize transmission of quantum states. However, the highly stable quantum network is required in the quantum channels when using quantum entanglement swapping, otherwise it will waste a lot of entanglement resources. In order to save entanglement resources, we have to put forward a kind of quantum communication network transmission protocol based on packet switching, according to the theory of quantum teleportation. Firstly, the principle of packet switching in computer network is introduced. Next we describe the implementation process of quantum network transmission protocols which are based on entanglement swapping and packet switching. We then analyze the reliability, security and utilization rate of entanglement of the protocol we have proposed. And after that the quantitative relationship about the number of entanglement quantum states, the number of routers and link error rates are calculated. Finally, we compare these two transmission protocols. Simulation results show that the number of entanglement for these two protocols is equal without consideration of the link errors. When taking them into account, the packet switching transmission protocol can save numbers of entanglement resources obviously. In addition, with the increase of number of routers and the rise in link error rates, the quantum communication network transmission protocol based on packet switching will need less entanglement resources than that based on entanglement swapping. Therefore, when the quantum transmission network is not stable, the packet switching transmission protocol has a better transmission performance, and it can be applied to the future construction of quantum network.
The theory and experiment of quantum information have been studied extensively in recent years, and the feasibility of quantum communication has been proved. Although the fundamental technology is not yet mature, research on quantum internet should be conducted. To implement quantum internet, an architecture that describes how quantum nodes are linked to form networks and how protocol functions are vertically composed need to be developed urgently. In this paper, we present a novel design of a cluster-based structure to describe how quantum nodes are interconnected, and how the structure can improve the performance of qubit transmission and reduce the network complexity. The idea of the quantum local area network (QLAN) is proposed as an essential component of the quantum internet. Besides, each quantum repeater links to neighboring repeaters to form a core network, and multiple QLANs are connected through the core network. The core network can be grouped into different hierarchical quantum repeater networks according to needed service requirements. For the sake of interoperability and fast prototyping, we adopt the idea of OSI layering model of the current Internet in the design of quantum internet. Finally, we elaborate on the composition of quantum nodes and the realization of end-to-end communication.
The distributed wireless quantum communication network (DWQCN) has a distributed network topology and transmits information by quantum states. In this paper, we present the concept of the DWQCN and propose a system scheme to transfer quantum states in the DWQCN. The system scheme for transmitting information between any two nodes in the DWQCN includes a routing protocol and a scheme for transferring quantum states. The routing protocol is on-demand and the routing metric is selected based on the number of entangled particle pairs. After setting up a route, quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping are used for transferring quantum states. Entanglement swapping is achieved along with the process of routing set up and the acknowledgment packet transmission. The measurement results of each entanglement swapping are piggybacked with route reply packets or acknowledgment packets. After entanglement swapping, a direct quantum link between source and destination is set up and quantum states are transferred by quantum teleportation. Adopting this scheme, the measurement results of entanglement swapping do not need to be transmitted specially, which decreases the wireless transmission cost and transmission delay.
Quantum satellite communication is a research hotspot and frontier in the field of communication. It has the advantages of ideal information security and wide coverage, which is of great significance in constructing a global quantum satellite wide area network. However, problems such as network reliability, security and routing relay still need to be improved when transmitting information over long distances. In this paper, the spider web is used as a unique natural communication topology to transform the natural spider web into an artificial spider web topology. The quantum information transmission adopts N-order quantum teleportation routing scheme, and the transmission delay is basically unchanged. On this basis, the spider web topology quantum wide area network transmission model is constructed. The bit error rate, throughput rate and security key generation rate of the network model are simulated and analyzed. Taking 9-node ring network and 9-node cobweb for example, the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis are both conducted in this paper. The results show that the cobweb topology has higher reliability. When the average power spectral density of the noise is given and there is no relay, the bit error rate increases with the transmission distance increasing, so the introduction of relay should be considered. When the transmission distance and noise power spectral density are constant, the bit error rate decreases with the number of relay nodes increasing, so the appropriate routing process should be selected in the spider web topology. With the increase of the probability of transmitting entangled photon pairs, the throughput rate gradually increases. With the increase of transmission delay in the network, the throughput rate Q gradually decreases. However, the transmission delay is basically unchanged in this routing scheme, and the transmission delay of cobweb structure is very small. Therefore, the throughput rate of the topology quantum WAN of cobweb network based on N-order quantum teleportation proposed in this paper will not significantly decrease. When the transmission distance of quantum information increases, the network key generation rate decreases gradually. With the increase of the number of network relay nodes, the key generation rate increases gradually. Thus, it can be seen that using cobweb topology and N-order quantum teleportation routing scheme to construct a quantum satellite WAN has good advantages.
In this paper, a quantum routing mechanism is proposed to teleport a quantum state from one quantum device to another wirelessly even though these two devices do not share EPR pairs mutually. This results in the proposed quantum routing mechanism that can be used to construct the quantum wireless networks. In terms of time complexity, the proposed mechanism transports a quantum bit in time almost the same as the quantum teleportation does regardless of the number of hops between the source and destination. From this point of view, the quantum routing mechanism is close to optimal in data transmission time. In addition, in order to realize the wireless communication in the quantum domain, a hierarchical network architecture and its corresponding communication protocol are developed. Based on these network components, a scalable quantum wireless communication can be achieved.
Abstract The development of quantum communication technologies has made the efficient transmission and processing of quantum states increasingly important. This paper first introduces a traditional multi-hop quantum teleportation scheme based on simultaneous entanglement swapping(SES). In this scheme, different quantum channels are used for odd-hop and even-hop quantum teleportation, respectively. The specific quantum communication processes of two-hop, three-hop, and four-hop are introduced in turn, and the transmission law of n-hop quantum teleportation is summarized. On this basis, a multi-level hierarchical simultaneous entanglement swapping(MHSES) scheme for multi-hop quantum teleportation is further proposed, which is achieved by dividing the multi-hop quantum network into multiple segments with multiple levels of processing. In each level, the intermediate nodes only need to send the measurement results to the nodes at the end of the segment, thus greatly reducing the forwarding of classical information. IBM Qiskit was used to simulate the operation of these two schemes in ideal and noisy environments. Finally, the proposed scheme is compared with the existing conventional quantum teleportation schemes, and the results show that the proposed scheme achieves better results in terms of reduced classical resource consumption and reduced time delay.