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Universal quantum computation in waveguide QED using decoherence free subspaces

Paulisch, V., Kimble, H., Gonzalez-Tudela, A.

Published Apr 28, 2016• 51 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The interaction of quantum emitters with one-dimensional photon-like reservoirs induces strong and long-range dissipative couplings that give rise to the emergence of the so-called decoherence free subspaces (DFSs) which are decoupled from dissipation.When introducing weak perturbations on the emitters, e.g., driving, the strong collective dissipation enforces an effective coherent evolution within the DFS.In this work, we show explicitly how by introducing single-site resolved drivings, we can use the effective dynamics within the DFS to design a universal set of one and two-qubit gates within the DFS of an ensemble of two-level atom-like systems.Using Liouvillian perturbation theory we calculate the scaling with the relevant figures of merit of the systems, such as the Purcell factor and imperfect control of the drivings.Finally, we compare our results with previous proposals using atomic Λ systems in leaky cavities.

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The interaction of quantum emitters with one-dimensional photon-like reservoirs induces strong and long-range dissipative couplings that give rise to the emergence of the so-called decoherence free subspaces (DFSs) which are decoupled from dissipation.When introducing weak perturbations on the emitters, e.g., driving, the strong collective dissipation enforces an effective coherent evolution within the DFS.In this work, we show explicitly how by introducing single-site resolved drivings, we can use the effective dynamics within the DFS to design a universal set of one and two-qubit gates within the DFS of an ensemble of two-level atom-like systems.Using Liouvillian perturbation theory we calculate the scaling with the relevant figures of merit of the systems, such as the Purcell factor and imperfect control of the drivings.Finally, we compare our results with previous proposals using atomic Λ systems in leaky cavities.
The interaction of quantum emitters with one-dimensional photon-like reservoirs induces strong and long-range dissipative couplings that give rise to the emergence of the so-called decoherence free subspaces (DFSs) which are decoupled from dissipation. When introducing weak perturbations on the emitters, e.g., driving, the strong collective dissipation enforces an effective coherent evolution within the DFS. In this work, we show explicitly how by introducing single-site resolved drivings, we can use the effective dynamics within the DFS to design a universal set of one and two-qubit gates within the DFS of an ensemble of two-level atom-like systems. Using Liouvillian perturbation theory we calculate the scaling with the relevant figures of merit of the systems, such as the Purcell factor and imperfect control of the drivings. Finally, we compare our results with previous proposals using atomic Λ systems in leaky cavities.
A general scheme to perform universal, fault-tolerant quantum computation within decoherence-free subspaces (DFSs) is presented. At most two-qubit interactions are required, and the system remains within the DFS throughout the entire implementation of a quantum gate. We show explicitly how to perform universal computation on clusters of the four-qubit DFS encoding one logical qubit each under spatially symmetric (collective) decoherence. Our results have immediate relevance to quantum computer implementations in which quantum logic is implemented through exchange interactions, such as the recently proposed spin-spin coupled quantum dot arrays and donor-atom arrays.
Universal quantum computation on decoherence-free subspaces and subsystems (DFSs) is examined with particular emphasis on using only physically relevant interactions. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of decoherence-free (noiseless) subsystems in the Markovian regime is derived here for the first time. A stabilizer formalism for DFSs is then developed which allows for the explicit understanding of these in their dual role as quantum error correcting codes. Conditions for the existence of Hamiltonians whose induced evolution always preserves a DFS are derived within this stabilizer formalism. Two possible collective decoherence mechanisms arising from permutation symmetries of the system-bath coupling are examined within this framework. It is shown that in both cases universal quantum computation which always preserves the DFS (natural fault-tolerant computation) can be performed using only two-body interactions. This is in marked contrast to standard error correcting codes, where all known constructions using one- or two-body interactions must leave the code space during the on-time of the fault-tolerant gates. A further consequence of our universality construction is that a single exchange Hamiltonian can be used to perform universal quantum computation on an encoded space whose asymptotic coding efficiency is unity. The exchange Hamiltonian, which is naturally present in many quantum systems, is thus asymptotically universal.
Waveguide quantum electrodynamics studies photon-mediated interactions of quantum emitters in a one-dimensional radiation channel. Although signatures of such interactions have been observed previously in a variety of physical systems, observation of coherent cooperative dynamics has been obscured by radiative decay of atoms into the waveguide. Employing transmon qubits as artificial atoms coupled to a microwave coplanar waveguide, here we observe dynamical oscillations in an open system where a designated probe qubit interacts with an entangled dark state of an array of qubits which effectively traps radiation as an atomic cavity. The qubit-cavity system is shown to achieve a large cooperativity of C=172 due to collective enhancement of photon-mediated interactions, entering the strong coupling regime. The quantum coherence of the dark state cavity is also explored through its nonlinear response at the single-excitation level. With realistic refinements, this system is suitable for studying the many-body dynamics of large (N>10) quantum spin chains, synthesizing highly non-classical radiation fields on demand, and implementing universal quantum logic operations with high fidelity on information encoded within decoherence-free subspaces.
Universal quantum computation overcoming influnce of bit-flip error is realized by suppressing collective decoherence with decoherence-free subspace method. The scheme is based on cavity QED system. A logical bit is encoded by two adjacent atoms trapped in a cavity, and a four-dimensional decoherence-free subspace is constructed to suppress the collective bit reversal error. By adjusting the coupling between the external optical field and cavity, two noncommutative single-qubit operations and a controlled phase gate are implemented in decoherence-free subspace. Universal quantum computation overcoming the collective bit reversal error is realized.
Enhancing interactions in many-body quantum systems, while protecting them from environmental decoherence, is at the heart of many quantum technologies. Waveguide quantum electrodynamics is a promising platform for achieving this, as it hosts infinite-range interactions and decoherence-free subspaces of quantum emitters. However, as coherent interactions between emitters are typically washed out in the wavelength-spacing regime hosting decoherence-free states, coherent control over the latter becomes limited, and many-body Hamiltonians in this important regime remain out of reach. Here we show that by incorporating emitter arrays with nonlinear waveguides hosting parametric gain, we obtain a unique class of many-body interaction Hamiltonians with coupling strengths that increase with emitter spacing, and persist even for wavelength-spaced arrays. We then propose to use these Hamiltonians to coherently generate decoherence-free states directly from the ground state, using only global squeezing drives, without the need for local addressing of individual emitters. Interestingly, we find that the dynamics approaches a unitary evolution in the limit of weak intrawaveguide squeezing, and we discuss potential experimental realizations of this effect. Our results pave the way towards coherent control protocols in waveguide quantum electrodynamics, with applications including quantum computing, simulation, memory, and nonclassical light generation.