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Optics and Spectroscopy

Competition of Concentration Narrowing and Power Broadening of a Dark Resonance in a Ladder System of Rubidium Atoms: Specificities of Its Occurrence in Thin Spectroscopic Cells

Armen D. Sargsyan, Ч.С. Адамс, T. A. Vartanyan, David G. Sarkisyan

Published Oct 1, 2020• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a three-level ladder system 5S1/2‒5P3/2 –5D5/2 of Rb atoms is investigated. The effect of spectral narrowing of a dark resonance (DR) as a function of atomic vapor density and thickness L of a spectroscopic cell containing Rb vapor is demonstrated. Thickness L was varied in the range of 390 nm to 4 mm, while atomic density N was increased up to ~1016 cm–3; in the process, high-intensity coupling radiation and weak probe radiation were used. The strongest effect, namely, a 22-fold spectral narrowing of the DR, was achieved in a cell of thickness L = 4 mm. The effect of spectral narrowing was decreasing with decrease in thickness L: a 2.4-fold spectral narrowing of the DR was observed at L = 2 μm. Spectral narrowing was nearly absent at L = 0.8 μm, and spectral broadening of the DR was observed with further decrease in the cell thickness down to L = 0.4 μm. A close to 100% DR contrast was achieved in nearly all cases at moderate atomic densities and high intensities of the coupling radiation. An interpretation of the effect of spectral narrowing and broadening of the DR is proposed.

DOI
10.1134/s0030400x20100227

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We report an experimental investigation of the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using bichromatic laser radiation and an extremely thin cell filled with pure Rb with smoothly controllable thickness $L$ of the atomic vapor layer in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}780--1600\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, for which $L$ is comparable to the laser wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ resonant with the ${D}_{2}$ line $(780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. It is revealed that the transmission spectrum of the probe laser contains two sub-Doppler peaks that have different linewidths. The narrow peak corresponds to EIT, whereas the broader one results from velocity-selective optical pumping (VSOP) and repumping processes. It is demonstrated that in the case of nonzero detuning of the coupling laser, the EIT resonance and VSOP are shifted with respect to each other on the frequency scale, which makes it possible to observe a competition between the two effects (this is not possible to realize in an ordinary cell). Also, the Dicke-type coherent narrowing effect depending on the ratio $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$ influences the absorption spectrum of the probe laser. Formation of an EIT resonance is substantially favored for the atoms with slow normal velocity, caused by their longer interaction time with the bichromatic laser field. As a result of the predominant contribution of these atoms, the observed linewidth of the EIT resonance is only $\ensuremath{\sim}9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, which is more than ten times narrower than the inverse window-to-window flight time. In an external magnetic field, three and five EIT resonances have been observed for the vapor thickness of $L=2\ensuremath{\lambda}$, on $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, respectively.

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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect has been studied using an extremely thin cell (ETC) with the thickness of an Rb vapor column of the order of light wavelength λ(780 nm) and varying in the range of 0.5λ-2.5λ. Λ-systems on the D2 line of 85Rb and 87Rb have been studied experimentally. Along with EIT resonance, we study the peculiarities of velocity-selective optical pumping/saturation (VSOP) resonances, which accompany the EIT resonance and, as a rule, are spectrally broader. It is demonstrated that size-conditioned strongly anisotropic contribution of atoms with different velocities in an ETC causes several dramatic differences of the EIT and VSOP resonances formation in the ETC as compared with an ordinary 1-10 cm long cell. Particularly, in the case of the ETC, the EIT linewidth and contrast dramatically depend on the coupling laser detuning from the exact atomic transition. A theoretical model taking into account the peculiarities of transmission spectra when L=nλ and L=(2n+1)λ/2 (n is an integer) has been developed. The experimental transmission spectra are well described by the theoretical model developed. The possibility of EIT resonance formation when atomic column thickness is of the order of L=0.5λ and less is theoretically predicted.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Jul 19, 2007•23 citations
Abstract The effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a three-level ladder system 5S1/2‒5P3/2 –5D5/2 of Rb atoms is investigated. The effect of spectral narrowing of a dark resonance (DR) as a function of atomic vapor density and thickness L of a spectroscopic cell containing Rb vapor is demonstrated. Thickness L was varied in the range of 390 nm to 4 mm, while atomic density N was increased up to ~1016 cm–3; in the process, high-intensity coupling radiation and weak probe radiation were used. The strongest effect, namely, a 22-fold spectral narrowing of the DR, was achieved in a cell of thickness L = 4 mm. The effect of spectral narrowing was decreasing with decrease in thickness L: a 2.4-fold spectral narrowing of the DR was observed at L = 2 μm. Spectral narrowing was nearly absent at L = 0.8 μm, and spectral broadening of the DR was observed with further decrease in the cell thickness down to L = 0.4 μm. A close to 100% DR contrast was achieved in nearly all cases at moderate atomic densities and high intensities of the coupling radiation. An interpretation of the effect of spectral narrowing and broadening of the DR is proposed.
The effect of electromagnetically-induced transparency in the ladder system of 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 levels of Rb atoms is studied. The effect of spectral narrowing of the dark resonance (DR) is shown depending on the density of atomic vapor and the thickness L of the spectroscopic cell, which contains Rb atomic vapor. The thickness L varies from 390 nm to 4 mm, the atomic density N increased to ~ 10^16 cm^-3, and intense coupling and weak probe radiation were used. The maximum effect, namely the 22-fold spectral narrowing of DR, was achieved in a cell with a thickness of L = 4 mm. With decreasing of the thickness L, the effect of spectral narrowing becomes weaker: for example, at L = 2 μm, a 2.4-fold spectral narrowing of DR occurs. The spectral narrowing of DR was practically absent at L = 0.8 μm, and with a further decrease to L = 0.4 μm with increasing of atomic vapor density, spectral broadening of DR began to occur. In almost all cases, at moderate atomic densities and high intensities of the coupling radiation, ~ 100% DR contrast was achieved. The effect of spectral narrowing and broadening of DR is explained.
It is shown that high-contrast resonance of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a ladder Ξ-system of 5S 1/2-5P 3/2-5D 5/2 levels can be formed in optical cells containing a column of rubidium vapor with thickness L in an interval of 100 nm ≤ L ≤ 780 nm. Using bichromatic laser radiation with certain parameters, an 83% contrast of the EIT resonance (or dark resonance, DR) has been achieved for a vapor column thickness of L = 780 nm. An important condition for the formation of high-contrast DR is that the frequency of the coupling laser radiation must be resonant with the frequency of the corresponding 5P 3/2-5D 5/2 transition (for the probe radiation frequency scanned over the 5S 1/2-5P 3/2 transition). It is also shown that a DR can be formed at a record small vapor column thickness of L ≈ 100 nm. Expressions that can be used to estimate the expected DR width at small L values are presented.
The effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a Λ-system formed by rubidium atoms contained in thin (10–60 μm) and extremely thin (0.3–5 μm) cells was studied experimentally. It was found that parameters of the EIT resonance degrade slowly in the case where the frequency of the coupling laser is in resonance with the D 2 transition of rubidium, which enabled the registration of the EIT resonance in a record thin cell with a thickness of L = 390 nm. The specific features of EIT in extremely thin cells reveal themselves when the coupling laser has a frequency detuning Δ from the atomic transition. In this case, the width of the EIT resonance rapidly increases upon an increase in Δ at fixed L (an opposite effect takes place in centimeter-scale cells). It is shown that the width of the EIT resonance is inversely proportional to L in the case of fixed large detuning Δ. The nearly tenfold broadening of the EIT resonance for large values of detuning Δ is caused by the influence of atomic collisions with cell windows on dephasing rate of coherence. The expressions that allow the estimation of the EIT-resonance width for various values of detuning Δ and small values of thickness L are found.
Experimental results of the study of processes of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and two-photon absorption (TPA) are presented for the ladder Ξ-system obtained using the 5 S -5 P - nD , mS system of levels of the 85 Rb and 87 Rb atoms with n = 5, 26, and 27 and m = 39 and 48. To perform these studies, a high-temperature optical cell was designed with several regions with the following thicknesses L : 2 mm, 0.7 mm, and the region of 2–6 μm. The advantages of using thin cells over ordinary cells several centimeters thick are demonstrated. It is shown that the EIT resonance parameters for n = 5, 26, and 27 deteriorate insignificantly for thickness down to 700 μm. The TPA is recorded with the cell thickness decreasing down to L = 6 μm. It is shown that using the EIT and TPA processes makes it possible to measure the hyperfine and fine structures of highlying atomic levels. The influence of the cell walls is appreciable in recording the EIT resonances in the system 5 S -5 P -39 S with L = 0.7 mm and in the system 5 S -5 P -48 S with L = 2 mm. Possible applications of the processes studied are indicated.
We report an experimental investigation of the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using bichromatic laser radiation and an extremely thin cell filled with pure Rb with smoothly controllable thickness LLL of the atomic vapor layer in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}780--1600\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, for which LLL is comparable to the laser wavelength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ resonant with the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line (780nm)(780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})(780nm). It is revealed that the transmission spectrum of the probe laser contains two sub-Doppler peaks that have different linewidths. The narrow peak corresponds to EIT, whereas the broader one results from velocity-selective optical pumping (VSOP) and repumping processes. It is demonstrated that in the case of nonzero detuning of the coupling laser, the EIT resonance and VSOP are shifted with respect to each other on the frequency scale, which makes it possible to observe a competition between the two effects (this is not possible to realize in an ordinary cell). Also, the Dicke-type coherent narrowing effect depending on the ratio $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$ influences the absorption spectrum of the probe laser. Formation of an EIT resonance is substantially favored for the atoms with slow normal velocity, caused by their longer interaction time with the bichromatic laser field. As a result of the predominant contribution of these atoms, the observed linewidth of the EIT resonance is only $\ensuremath{\sim}9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, which is more than ten times narrower than the inverse window-to-window flight time. In an external magnetic field, three and five EIT resonances have been observed for the vapor thickness of $L=2\ensuremath{\lambda}$, on 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb and 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb, respectively.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect has been studied using an extremely thin cell (ETC) with the thickness of an Rb vapor column of the order of light wavelength λ(780 nm) and varying in the range of 0.5λ-2.5λ. Λ-systems on the D2 line of 85Rb and 87Rb have been studied experimentally. Along with EIT resonance, we study the peculiarities of velocity-selective optical pumping/saturation (VSOP) resonances, which accompany the EIT resonance and, as a rule, are spectrally broader. It is demonstrated that size-conditioned strongly anisotropic contribution of atoms with different velocities in an ETC causes several dramatic differences of the EIT and VSOP resonances formation in the ETC as compared with an ordinary 1-10 cm long cell. Particularly, in the case of the ETC, the EIT linewidth and contrast dramatically depend on the coupling laser detuning from the exact atomic transition. A theoretical model taking into account the peculiarities of transmission spectra when L=nλ and L=(2n+1)λ/2 (n is an integer) has been developed. The experimental transmission spectra are well described by the theoretical model developed. The possibility of EIT resonance formation when atomic column thickness is of the order of L=0.5λ and less is theoretically predicted.