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CRC Press eBooks

Basic Principles Ii: Adiabatic Continuity and Renormalization

Philip Warren Anderson

Published Mar 9, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This chapter suggests that the two most important principles of condensed matter physics for students purposes are, first, broken symmetry, which tells their that what the order parameter is and what symmetry it breaks are the most vital questions. Second is the continuity principle, which tells students to search for the right simple problem when confronted with a complicated one. The idea is to imagine oneself starting from a completely noninteracting Fermi gas and gradually turning on the interactions between the particles. Landau's argument is that there will be a one-to-one correspondence between states before and after the adiabatic turning-on process, so that he can label the new states with the quantum numbers of the old and they will be in roughly the same order. In the case of Fermi-liquid theory, this program has been formally carried out: one can produce diagrammatic expressions for all of the renormalizations, of the mass and of the various vertices, contained in the theory.

DOI
10.4324/9780429494116-3

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CRC Press eBooks•Mar 5, 2018•0 citations
This chapter suggests that the two most important principles of condensed matter physics for students purposes are, first, broken symmetry, which tells their that what the order parameter is and what symmetry it breaks are the most vital questions. Second is the continuity principle, which tells students to search for the right simple problem when confronted with a complicated one. The idea is to imagine oneself starting from a completely noninteracting Fermi gas and gradually turning on the interactions between the particles. Landau's argument is that there will be a one-to-one correspondence between states before and after the adiabatic turning-on process, so that he can label the new states with the quantum numbers of the old and they will be in roughly the same order. In the case of Fermi-liquid theory, this program has been formally carried out: one can produce diagrammatic expressions for all of the renormalizations, of the mass and of the various vertices, contained in the theory.
We will consider the normal state of interacting Fermi particles without any longrange order. The normal state at low temperatures is called the Fermi liquid and is considered to be the system of free quasi-particles that is continuously connected with free Fermi gas. The concept of the Fermi liquid was introduced and developed by L. D. Landau. Landau's Fermi liquid theory, which concentrates rich contents into a simple theory, is a good example to solve many-body problems. In this chapter, we introduce the basis and main contents of the Fermi liquid. Principle of continuity The basis of the Fermi liquid theory is the principle of adiabatic continuity, which connects free Fermi gas with the Fermi liquid by introducing gradually an interaction among particles. There is a one-to-one correspondence between two states before and after the introduction of the interaction. States belonging to the same symmetry do not cross each other, and new states with the interaction can be represented by the old quantum number. Since the distribution of free Fermi gas is given by the Fermi distribution function n( k ) , that of the Fermi liquid is also written n ( k ). The state denoted by k , σ in the Fermi liquid is called the quasi-particle. For the system to be described by quasi-particles, the following condition is necessary. Let us consider the basis of the Fermi liquid theory following the explanation of the Landau theory given by Nozières and Anderson.
The Fermi liquid is perhaps the most familiar quantum many-body state of solid state physics; we met it briefly in Section 16.2.2. It is the generic state of fermions at nonzero density, and is found in all metals. Its basic characteristics can already be understood in a simple free fermion picture. Noninteracting fermions occupy the lowest energy single-particle states, consistent with the exclusion principle. This leads to the fundamental concept of the Fermi surface: a surface in momentum space separating the occupied and empty single fermion states. The lowest energy excitations then consist of quasiparticle excitations which are particle-like outside the Fermi surface, and hole-like inside the Fermi surface. Landau's Fermi liquid theory is a careful justification for the stability of this simple picture in the presence of interactions between fermions. Just as we found in Chapters 5 and 7 for the quantum Ising and rotor models, interaction corrections modify the wavefunction of the quasiparticle and so introduce a quasiparticle residue A ; however, they do not destabilize the integrity of the quasiparticle, as we review in Section 18.1. The purpose of this chapter is to describe two paradigms of symmetry breaking quantum transitions in Fermi liquids. In the first class, studied in Section 18.2, the broken symmetry is related to the point-group symmetry of the crystal, while translational symmetry is preserved; consequently, the order parameter resides at zero wavevector. In the second class, studied in Section 18.3, the order parameter is at a finite wavevector, and so translational symmetry is also broken.
While analyzing second order thermodynamical phase transitions, Lev Landau (the famous Russian physicist) introduced a very vital concept, the concept of an "order parameter". This not only amalgamated the previous fragmentary theoretical understanding of phase transitions (an arsenal of mean-field theories) but also it put forward the important theory of "spontaneous symmetry breaking". Today, order parameter concept is a paradigm both in condensed matter physics and in high energy physics, and Landau theory is a pinnacle of all mean-field theories. Mean field theories are good qualitative descriptors of the phase transition behavior. But all mean-field theories (including Landau's theory) fail at the critical point (the problem of large correlation length). The problems with large correlation length in quantum many-body systems are the hardest problems known in theoretical physics (both in condensed matter and in particle physics). It was Ken Wilson's physical insights and his powerful mathematical skills that opened a way to the solution of such hard problems. This manuscript is a perspective on these issues. Starting with simple examples of phase transitions (like ice/water; diamond/graphite etc.) we address the following important questions: Why does non-analyticity (sharp phase transitions) arise when thermodynamical functions (i.e., free energies etc) are good analytic functions? How does Landau's program unify all the previous mean-field theories? Why do all the mean-field theories fail near the critical point? How does Wilson's program go beyond all the mean-field theories? What is the origin emergence and universality?
The Landau theory of phase and phase transition, which describes the state of matter by the spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the Fermi liquid theory of interacting Fermi systems are the two corner stones of contemporary condensed matter physics. They act as our starting points to understand the structure, excitations and phase transitions of any condensed matter system. According to such a Landau paradigm, an interacting Fermi system will behave just as non-interacting Fermi gas system at sufficient low energy, if the interaction is not strong enough to induce a symmetry breaking phase transition in the system. In such a case, the perturbation expansion in the interaction strength is assumed to converge and the low energy excitation can be connected to that of a Fermi gas system adiabatically. In strongly correlated electron systems, such as the high temperature superconductors and quantum antiferromagnets, a pertubative picture on the interaction effect usually fails. The correlation effect between the electrons can induce new forms of order that are beyond the Landau symmetry breaking paradigm. Non-Fermi liquid behavior can emerge in the fully symmetric correlated phases. The Mott insulating phase and the quantum spin liquid phase are the most prominent example of such exotic state of matter. After about three decades of intensive studies, people find that the quantum non-locality effect is at the heart of such new forms of order. The quantum non-locality effect manifests itself in the emergence of gauge degree of freedom in the low energy physics of such strongly correlated system. Such emergent gauge filed is not only important for the characterization and classification of the ground state structure, but is also directly responsible for the non-Fermi liquid behavior of the system. The Landau paradigm should be extended to accommodate such new forms of order and the related new form of excitations and new universal class of phase transitions. Such an extension will elevate our understanding of the structure of matter to the level of quantum wave function. Unlike the conventional symmetry breaking order, which is characterized by the correlation functions between local physical observables, the new form of orders, which are commonly called quantum order (with the topological order as one of its typical example), can be better characterized by the entanglement property in the quantum wave function. From a mathematical point of view, the new form of order is closely related to the projective representation theory of the symmetry group, while the conventional symmetry breaking order is well described by the linear representation theory of the symmetry group.
This chapter addresses the fundamental role of order parameters and symmetry breaking in characterizing phases and understanding phase transitions and argues that the origin of non-analyticity is in fact the thermodynamic limit. It explores the Landau definition that a transition is first order if the order parameter is discontinuous at the transition point and second order if it is continuous. The chapter presents a general theory which in leading approximation embodies the physics of the Landau function of the order parameter. The mean field theory may be applied quite generally to any system for which the local order parameter has been identified. Once the order parameter for Bose condensation is recognized, the order parameter for superconducting or superfluid transitions follow naturally. For superconducting metals, pairs of electrons at the Fermi surface form bound states which behave effectively as Bosons and thus undergo Bose condensation.