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Symmetric pseudogap metal in a generalized $t-J$ model

Ya-Hui Zhang, Zheng Zhu

Published Aug 25, 2020• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this article we study a generalized $t-J$ model in which we dope spin-one doublons into a spin $1/2$ Mott insulator. We generalize this model to $SU(N)$ case and obtain the ground state based on a three-fermion parton mean field calculation. Surprisingly, for almost every doping we find a fractional Fermi liquid (FL*) phase , which is a symmetric pseudogap metal in the sense that the total Fermi volume is equal to $x$, instead of $1+x$ as required by Luttinger constraint of a Fermi liquid. We then verify our theory in one dimension through DMRG simulation of the $t-J$ model. Indeed we find that the doped doublon forms a small Fermi on top of the spinon Fermi surface ($SU(2)_1$ CFT) inherited from the Mott insulator. This phase is clearly a one dimension analog of the FL* phase and we dub it as fractional Luttinger liquid (LL*). We also discover a continuous quantum phase transition from this LL* phase with small Fermi to conventional Luttinger liquid phase with large Fermi by tuning interaction strength in a two-orbital Hubbard model at fixed density. Lastly we discuss the experimental realizations of this generalized $t-J$ model and comment on possible connection to the recently discovered nickelate superconductor Nd$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$NiO$_2$.

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Fractional Fermi liquid in a generalized t−J model

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Inspired by the recent discovery of superconductivity in the nickelate ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, we study a generalized $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model to investigate the correlated phases induced by doping spin-1 ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ into a spin-$1/2$ Mott insulator formed by ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{1+}$. Based on a three-fermion parton mean-field analysis, we identify a robust fractional Fermi liquid (FL*) phase for almost every doping level. The FL* state is characterized by a small Fermi pocket on top of a spin liquid, which violates the Luttinger theorem of a conventional Fermi liquid and is an example of a symmetric pseudogap metal. Furthermore, we verify our theory in one dimension through density matrix renormalization group simulations on both the generalized $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model and a two-orbital Hubbard model. The fractional Fermi liquid reduces to a fractional Luttinger liquid (LL*) in one dimension, which is connected to the conventional Luttinger liquid through a continuous quantum phase transition by tuning interaction strength. Our findings offer insights into correlated electron phenomena in nickelate superconductors and other multiorbital transition-metal oxides with a spin-triplet ${d}^{8}$ state.

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Spin liquids and pseudogap metals in the SU(4) Hubbard model in a moiré superlattice

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Motivated by the realization of spin-valley Hubbard model on a triangular moir\'e superlattice in ABC trilayer graphene aligned with hexagon boron nitride (hBN) and possibly also in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide homobilayers, we study possible Mott insulating phases and pseudogap metals based on symmetry constraint and parton mean field theories. First, we show that the Luttinger constraint allows two distinct symmetric and featureless Fermi liquids when there is an intervalley Hund's term breaking $\text{SU}(4)$ spin rotation. Especially, there exists a symmetric and featureless ``pseudogap metal'' with small Fermi surfaces. Then, we suggest to search for such an unconventional metallic state by doping the Mott insulator at ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=2$. For this purpose, we study the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=2$ Mott insulator using the $\text{SO}(6)$ Schwinger boson or Schwinger fermion parton. At the $\text{SU}(4)$-symmetric point, we find two symmetric ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquids. With a large anti-intervalley Hund's term, a featureless Mott insulator is natural. Next, we show that doping the featureless Mott insulator or a ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquid can lead to featureless or orthogonal ``pseudogap metal'' with small Fermi surfaces proportional to the doping. Besides, we also provide one scenario for the evolution from pseudogap metal to the conventional Fermi liquid through an intermediate exotic ``deconfined metal'' phase. Last, we give brief comments on the possibility of $\text{U}(1)$ spinon Fermi surface state or ${Z}_{4}$ spin liquid at ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=1$.

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Doping a spin-one Mott insulator: possible application to bilayer nickelate

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Fractionalized Fermi liquid with bosonic chargons as a candidate for the pseudogap metal

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Doping a Mott-insulating ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquid can lead to a fractionalized Fermi liquid (FL*). Such a phase has several favorable features that make it a candidate for the pseudogap metal for the underdoped cuprates. We focus on a particular, simple ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$-FL* state which can undergo a confinement transition to a spatially uniform superconductor which is smoothly connected to the ``plain vanilla'' BCS superconductor with $d$-wave pairing. Such a transition occurs by the condensation of bosonic particles carrying $+e$ charge but no spin (``chargons''). We show that modifying the dispersion of the bosonic chargons can lead to confinement transitions with charge density waves and pair density waves at the same wave vector $\mathbf{K}$, coexisting with $d$-wave superconductivity. We also compute the evolution of the Hall number in the normal state during the transition from the plain vanilla FL* state to a Fermi liquid, and argue, following Coleman, Marston, and Schofield [Phys. Rev. B 72, 245111 (2005)], that it exhibits a discontinuous jump near optimal doping. We note the distinction between these results and those obtained from models of the pseudogap with fermionic chargons.

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Lectures on insulating and conducting quantum spin liquids

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Two of the iconic phases of the hole-doped cuprate materials are the intermediate temperature pseudogap metal and the lower temperature $d$-wave superconductor. Following the suggestion of P. W. Anderson, there were early theories of these phases as doped quantum spin liquids. However, these theories have had difficulties with two prominent observations: (i) angle-dependent magnetoresistance measurements (ADMR) in the pseudogap metal, including observation of the Yamaji effect, present convincing evidence of small hole pockets which can tunnel coherently between square lattice layers (Fang et al., Nature Physics 18, 558 (2022); Chan et al., Nature Physics 21, 1753 (2025)) and (ii) the velocities of the nodal Bogoliubov quasiparticles in the $d$-wave superconductor are highly anisotropic, with $v_F \gg v_Δ$ (Chiao et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 3554 (2000)). These notes review how the fractionalized Fermi Liquid (FL*) state, which dopes quantum spin liquids with gauge-neutral electron-like quasiparticles, resolves both difficulties. Theories of insulating quantum spin liquids employing fractionalization of the electron spin into bosonic or fermionic partons are discussed. Doping the bosonic parton theory leads to a holon metal theory: while not appropriate for the cuprate pseudogap, this theory is argued to apply to ultracold atom experiments on the Lieb lattice. Doping the fermionic parton theory leads to a $d$-wave superconductor with nearly isotropic quasiparticle velocities. The construction of the FL* state in a single band Hubbard-type model is described using a quantum dimer model, followed by a more realistic description using the Ancilla Layer Model (ALM), which is then used to obtain the theory of the pseudogap and the $d$-wave superconductor. The ALM also leads to a wavefunction for the FL* state of the Hubbard model, which agrees with ultracold atom observations.

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Numerical signatures of ultra-local criticality in a one dimensional Kondo lattice model

Alexander Nikolaenko, Ya-Hui Zhang

Heavy fermion criticality has been a long-standing problem in condensed matter physics. Here we study a one-dimensional Kondo lattice model through numerical simulation and observe signatures of local criticality. We vary the Kondo coupling J_K J K at fixed doping x. At large positive J_K J K , we confirm the expected conventional Luttinger liquid phase with 2k_F=\frac{1+x}{2} 2 k F = 1 + x 2 (in units of 2\pi 2 π ), an analogue of the heavy Fermi liquid (HFL) in the higher dimension. In the J_K ≤ 0 J K ≤ 0 side, our simulation finds the existence of a fractional Luttinger liquid (LL \star ⋆ ) phase with 2k_F=\frac{x}{2} 2 k F = x 2 , accompanied by a gapless spin mode originating from localized spin moments, which serves as an analogue of the fractional Fermi liquid (FL \star ⋆ ) phase in higher dimensions. The LL \star ⋆ phase becomes unstable and transitions to a spin-gapped Luther-Emery (LE) liquid phase at small positive J_K J K . Then we mainly focus on the “critical regime” between the LE phase and the LL phase. Approaching the critical point from the spin-gapped LE phase, we often find that the spin gap vanishes continuously, while the spin-spin correlation length in real space stays finite and small. For a certain range of doping, in a point (or narrow region) of J_K J K , the dynamical spin structure factor obtained through the time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) simulation shows dispersion-less spin fluctuations in a finite range of momentum space above a small energy scale (around 0.035 J 0.035 J ) that is limited by the TEBD accuracy. All of these results are unexpected for a regular gapless phase (or critical point) described by conformal field theory (CFT). Instead, they are more consistent with exotic ultra-local criticality with an infinite dynamical exponent z=+ z = + . The numerical discovery here may have important implications on our general theoretical understanding of the strange metals in heavy fermion systems. Lastly, we propose to simulate the model in a bilayer optical lattice with a potential difference.

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Symmetric pseudogap metal in a generalized t−Jt-Jt−J model
In this article we study a generalized t−Jt-Jt−J model in which we dope spin-one doublons into a spin 1/21/21/2 Mott insulator. We generalize this model to SU(N)SU(N)SU(N) case and obtain the ground state based on a three-fermion parton mean field calculation. Surprisingly, for almost every doping we find a fractional Fermi liquid (FL*) phase , which is a symmetric pseudogap metal in the sense that the total Fermi volume is equal to xxx, instead of 1+x1+x1+x as required by Luttinger constraint of a Fermi liquid. We then verify our theory in one dimension through DMRG simulation of the t−Jt-Jt−J model. Indeed we find that the doped doublon forms a small Fermi on top of the spinon Fermi surface (SU(2)1SU(2)_1SU(2)1​ CFT) inherited from the Mott insulator. This phase is clearly a one dimension analog of the FL* phase and we dub it as fractional Luttinger liquid (LL*). We also discover a continuous quantum phase transition from this LL* phase with small Fermi to conventional Luttinger liquid phase with large Fermi by tuning interaction strength in a two-orbital Hubbard model at fixed density. Lastly we discuss the experimental realizations of this generalized t−Jt-Jt−J model and comment on possible connection to the recently discovered nickelate superconductor Nd1−x_{1-x}1−x​Srx_xx​NiO2_22​.
Inspired by the recent discovery of superconductivity in the nickelate ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, we study a generalized $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model to investigate the correlated phases induced by doping spin-1 Ni2+{\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}Ni2+ into a spin-1/21/21/2 Mott insulator formed by Ni1+{\mathrm{Ni}}^{1+}Ni1+. Based on a three-fermion parton mean-field analysis, we identify a robust fractional Fermi liquid (FL*) phase for almost every doping level. The FL* state is characterized by a small Fermi pocket on top of a spin liquid, which violates the Luttinger theorem of a conventional Fermi liquid and is an example of a symmetric pseudogap metal. Furthermore, we verify our theory in one dimension through density matrix renormalization group simulations on both the generalized $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model and a two-orbital Hubbard model. The fractional Fermi liquid reduces to a fractional Luttinger liquid (LL*) in one dimension, which is connected to the conventional Luttinger liquid through a continuous quantum phase transition by tuning interaction strength. Our findings offer insights into correlated electron phenomena in nickelate superconductors and other multiorbital transition-metal oxides with a spin-triplet d8{d}^{8}d8 state.
Motivated by the realization of spin-valley Hubbard model on a triangular moir\'e superlattice in ABC trilayer graphene aligned with hexagon boron nitride (hBN) and possibly also in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide homobilayers, we study possible Mott insulating phases and pseudogap metals based on symmetry constraint and parton mean field theories. First, we show that the Luttinger constraint allows two distinct symmetric and featureless Fermi liquids when there is an intervalley Hund's term breaking SU(4)\text{SU}(4)SU(4) spin rotation. Especially, there exists a symmetric and featureless ``pseudogap metal'' with small Fermi surfaces. Then, we suggest to search for such an unconventional metallic state by doping the Mott insulator at ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=2$. For this purpose, we study the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=2$ Mott insulator using the SO(6)\text{SO}(6)SO(6) Schwinger boson or Schwinger fermion parton. At the SU(4)\text{SU}(4)SU(4)-symmetric point, we find two symmetric Z2{Z}_{2}Z2​ spin liquids. With a large anti-intervalley Hund's term, a featureless Mott insulator is natural. Next, we show that doping the featureless Mott insulator or a Z2{Z}_{2}Z2​ spin liquid can lead to featureless or orthogonal ``pseudogap metal'' with small Fermi surfaces proportional to the doping. Besides, we also provide one scenario for the evolution from pseudogap metal to the conventional Fermi liquid through an intermediate exotic ``deconfined metal'' phase. Last, we give brief comments on the possibility of U(1)\text{U}(1)U(1) spinon Fermi surface state or Z4{Z}_{4}Z4​ spin liquid at ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{T}=1$.
Abstract In this article, we review some recent theoretical developments on potential high-temperature superconductors and unconventional metallic states that can arise from doping a spin-one Mott insulator in the d 8 valence. These studies are particularly relevant—though not limited—to the recently discovered bilayer nickelate superconductor La 3 Ni 2 O 7 . We focus on a ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model with mobile electrons in the d x 2 − y 2 orbital coupled to the localized spin moments in d z 2 orbital through a large Hund’s coupling J H . In the large J H limit, the model reduces to the type II t − J model with a mixture of spin-half singlon states and spin-one doublon states. We summarize density matrix renormalization group results on the Luther-Emery liquid in one dimensional chain and two-leg ladder. Then we mainly focus on bilayer square lattice and show that a large inter-layer coupling J ⊥ of d z 2 orbital can induce strong inter-layer pairing of d x 2 − y 2 orbital. In the strong J ⊥ limit, a kinetic-energy driven high T c superconductivity is demonstrated in an ideal model with only a single hopping term. Furthermore, the model predicts a symmetric pseudogap metal—dubbed ‘second Fermi liquid (FL)’—in the underdoped regime, yielding a phase diagram analogous to that of hole-doped cuprates. The bilayer Kondo model therefore presents a promising platform for both realizing higher- T c superconductors and exploring non-FL physics. We also comment on the possible limitations of the current models for the bilayer nickelate material and point out some future directions.
Doping a Mott-insulating Z2{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}Z2​ spin liquid can lead to a fractionalized Fermi liquid (FL*). Such a phase has several favorable features that make it a candidate for the pseudogap metal for the underdoped cuprates. We focus on a particular, simple Z2{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}Z2​-FL* state which can undergo a confinement transition to a spatially uniform superconductor which is smoothly connected to the ``plain vanilla'' BCS superconductor with ddd-wave pairing. Such a transition occurs by the condensation of bosonic particles carrying +e+e+e charge but no spin (``chargons''). We show that modifying the dispersion of the bosonic chargons can lead to confinement transitions with charge density waves and pair density waves at the same wave vector K\mathbf{K}K, coexisting with ddd-wave superconductivity. We also compute the evolution of the Hall number in the normal state during the transition from the plain vanilla FL* state to a Fermi liquid, and argue, following Coleman, Marston, and Schofield [Phys. Rev. B 72, 245111 (2005)], that it exhibits a discontinuous jump near optimal doping. We note the distinction between these results and those obtained from models of the pseudogap with fermionic chargons.
Two of the iconic phases of the hole-doped cuprate materials are the intermediate temperature pseudogap metal and the lower temperature ddd-wave superconductor. Following the suggestion of P. W. Anderson, there were early theories of these phases as doped quantum spin liquids. However, these theories have had difficulties with two prominent observations: (i) angle-dependent magnetoresistance measurements (ADMR) in the pseudogap metal, including observation of the Yamaji effect, present convincing evidence of small hole pockets which can tunnel coherently between square lattice layers (Fang et al., Nature Physics 18, 558 (2022); Chan et al., Nature Physics 21, 1753 (2025)) and (ii) the velocities of the nodal Bogoliubov quasiparticles in the ddd-wave superconductor are highly anisotropic, with vF≫vΔv_F \gg v_ΔvF​≫vΔ​ (Chiao et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 3554 (2000)). These notes review how the fractionalized Fermi Liquid (FL*) state, which dopes quantum spin liquids with gauge-neutral electron-like quasiparticles, resolves both difficulties. Theories of insulating quantum spin liquids employing fractionalization of the electron spin into bosonic or fermionic partons are discussed. Doping the bosonic parton theory leads to a holon metal theory: while not appropriate for the cuprate pseudogap, this theory is argued to apply to ultracold atom experiments on the Lieb lattice. Doping the fermionic parton theory leads to a ddd-wave superconductor with nearly isotropic quasiparticle velocities. The construction of the FL* state in a single band Hubbard-type model is described using a quantum dimer model, followed by a more realistic description using the Ancilla Layer Model (ALM), which is then used to obtain the theory of the pseudogap and the ddd-wave superconductor. The ALM also leads to a wavefunction for the FL* state of the Hubbard model, which agrees with ultracold atom observations.
Heavy fermion criticality has been a long-standing problem in condensed matter physics. Here we study a one-dimensional Kondo lattice model through numerical simulation and observe signatures of local criticality. We vary the Kondo coupling J_K J K at fixed doping x. At large positive J_K J K , we confirm the expected conventional Luttinger liquid phase with 2k_F=\frac{1+x}{2} 2 k F = 1 + x 2 (in units of 2\pi 2 π ), an analogue of the heavy Fermi liquid (HFL) in the higher dimension. In the J_K ≤ 0 J K ≤ 0 side, our simulation finds the existence of a fractional Luttinger liquid (LL \star ⋆ ) phase with 2k_F=\frac{x}{2} 2 k F = x 2 , accompanied by a gapless spin mode originating from localized spin moments, which serves as an analogue of the fractional Fermi liquid (FL \star ⋆ ) phase in higher dimensions. The LL \star ⋆ phase becomes unstable and transitions to a spin-gapped Luther-Emery (LE) liquid phase at small positive J_K J K . Then we mainly focus on the “critical regime” between the LE phase and the LL phase. Approaching the critical point from the spin-gapped LE phase, we often find that the spin gap vanishes continuously, while the spin-spin correlation length in real space stays finite and small. For a certain range of doping, in a point (or narrow region) of J_K J K , the dynamical spin structure factor obtained through the time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) simulation shows dispersion-less spin fluctuations in a finite range of momentum space above a small energy scale (around 0.035 J 0.035 J ) that is limited by the TEBD accuracy. All of these results are unexpected for a regular gapless phase (or critical point) described by conformal field theory (CFT). Instead, they are more consistent with exotic ultra-local criticality with an infinite dynamical exponent z=+ z = + . The numerical discovery here may have important implications on our general theoretical understanding of the strange metals in heavy fermion systems. Lastly, we propose to simulate the model in a bilayer optical lattice with a potential difference.