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Scientific Reports

Experimental realization of controlled quantum teleportation of arbitrary qubit states via cluster states

Abhijeet Kumar, Saeed Haddadi, Mohammad Reza Pourkarimi, Bikash K. Behera, Prasanta Kumar Panigrahi

Published Aug 12, 2020• 53 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Controlled quantum teleportation involves a third party as a controller for the teleportation of state. Here, we present the novel protocols for controlling teleportation of the arbitrary two-qubit and three-qubit states through five-qubit and seven-qubit cluster states respectively. In these schemes, Alice sends the arbitrary qubit states to the remote receiver Bob through the cluster states as quantum channels under the control of Charlie. Bob can recover the mentioned states by making appropriate unitary operations, and we point out that the efficiency in our schemes is 100%. In the process of our analysis, we find the classical communication cost in our protocols is remarkably reduced when compared to the previous protocols. We perform the experimental realization of the above protocols on "IBM 16 Melbourne" quantum computer and "IBM quantum simulator" and we calculate the fidelity. We also examine the security analysis against Charlie, and these schemes which we considered here are secure against Charlie's attacks.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-020-70446-8

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Controlled quantum teleportation involves a third party as a controller for the teleportation of state. Here, we present the novel protocols for controlling teleportation of the arbitrary two-qubit and three-qubit states through five-qubit and seven-qubit cluster states respectively. In these schemes, Alice sends the arbitrary qubit states to the remote receiver Bob through the cluster states as quantum channels under the control of Charlie. Bob can recover the mentioned states by making appropriate unitary operations, and we point out that the efficiency in our schemes is 100%. In the process of our analysis, we find the classical communication cost in our protocols is remarkably reduced when compared to the previous protocols. We perform the experimental realization of the above protocols on "IBM 16 Melbourne" quantum computer and "IBM quantum simulator" and we calculate the fidelity. We also examine the security analysis against Charlie, and these schemes which we considered here are secure against Charlie's attacks.
Quantum controlled teleportation is the transmission of the quantum state under the supervision of a third party. This paper presents the theoretical and experimental results of an arbitrary two-qubit quantum controlled teleportation scheme, in which the sender Alice only needs to perform two Bell state measurements and the receiver Bob can perform an appropriate unitary operation to reconstruct the arbitrary two-qubit states under the control of the supervisor Charlie. The operation process of the scheme is verified on the IBM quantum experience platform, and the accuracy of the transmitted quantum state is further checked by performing quantum state tomography. Meanwhile, a good fidelity is obtained by using the theoretical density matrix and the experimental density matrix. A sequence of photonic states is introduced to analyze the possible intercept–replace–resend, intercept–measure–resend, and entanglement–measure–resend attacks on this scheme. The results proved that our scheme is highly secure.
A new application of the five-qubit cluster state is investigated for economic and simple controlled teleportation of an arbitrary two-qubit state.In this scheme,a five-qubit cluster state is shared by a sender(Alice),a controller(Charlie)and a receiver(Bob),and the sender only needs to perform Bell-state measurements and the controller performs a single-qubit projective measurement.The receiver can reconstruct the arbitrary two-qubit state by performing some appropriate unitary transformations on his qubits after he knows the measured results of both the sender and the controller.This controlled teleportation scheme is deterministic,and the probability of successful controlled teleportation is 100%.In comparison with the controlled teleportation scheme using the same quantum channel,the proposed scheme do not need to make multi-particle joint measurement that makes this scheme simpler.
Since the first protocol of quantum teleportation based on an EPR pair was presented by Bennett et al. in 1993, it has become a hot topic in quantum communication. It is known that entanglement plays a key role in quantum teleportation. Various schemes of controlled quantum teleportation and bidirectional controlled quantum teleportation have been developed by using all kinds of multi-parties entangled states as a quantum channel, e.g. GHZ states, W states, 5-qubit cluster states, 6-qubit cluster states, 7-qubit cluster states, maximally entangled 5-qubit states, maximally entangled 6-qubit states, genuine entangled 6-qubit states, genuine entangled 7-qubit states, genuine entangled 8-qubit states. In this paper, a genuine entangled 9-qubit state is used as channel of quantum teleportation, and two schemes of bidirectional controlled quantum teleportation are proposed. One scheme is that with the control of Charlie Alice can transmit an arbitrary unknown qubit state to Bob and Bob can transmit an arbitrary unknown 3-qubit state to Alice in the same time. Another scheme is that with the control of Charlie Alice and Bob can transmit an arbitrary unknown 2-qubit to each other simultaneously. Compared with the existed schemes, our scheme can transmit more qubits of arbitrary state in total by an entangled state, and the intrinsic efficiency of our scheme is maybe the best. Moreover, the genuine entangled 9-qubit state used in our scheme can be produced through some simple quantum unitary gates.
A scheme for controlled teleportation of an unknown three-qubit state using two four-qubit cluster states which are shared by a sender,a receiver and a controller as the quantum channel is proposed in detail.In the scheme,the sender(Alice) performs Bell-state measurement(BSM) on her qubits three times and then tells the receiver(Bob) and the controller(Charlie) her measured results via a classical channel.If the controller agrees the receiver to reconstruct the unkown quantum state,he performs the BSM on his qubits and tells the receiver his measured result.According to the results from both the sender and the controller,the receiver could reconstruct the unkown three-qubit state by performing some appropriately unitary transformations on his qubits.Thus the con-trolled teleportation of an unknown three-qubit state is achieved.
Based on the strong persistency of entanglement of cluster state,two quantum sharing schemes were presented to realize the controlled teleportation of an arbitrarily one-particle using a four-particle cluster state as the quantum channel.In the first scheme,the sender Alice,controller Charlie and receiver Bob share a four-particle cluster entangled state.Firstly Alice performs a three-particle joint VonNeumann measurement on her qubits.Then Charlie performs a quantum measurement on his qubit with Z basis.Finally Bob can reconstruct the shared single particle by doing unitary transformation according to the measured results from Charlie and Bob.In the second scheme,three parties also shared a four-particle cluster state and an auxiliary particle,Alice and Charlie only need Bell state measurements and Bob can get the transmitted state by performing a swap bit flip operation and one unitary transformation.Compared with the existing schemes,the success probability of these both schemes are 100% and the proposed schemes only need 4-particle cluster state as the quantum channel.Furthermore,the proposed schemes can be implemented under the current laboratory techniques.
We proposed a new scheme of controlled teleportation to transmit the arbitrary one qubit state information via five-qubit cluster state channel. The transmission of quantum information from Alice (A) to Charli (C) had been controlled by Bob (B). The distribution of local measurements on Alice's, Bob's and Charli's qubit studied at three patterns; there are AAABC, ABABC, and ABBBC. The important results of this research are the observed differences in output variation and the efficiency of sending arbitrary one qubit information to the control pattern on Bob's Particle via five-qubit cluster state channel.