Providing End-to-End Security Using Quantum Walks in IoT Networks
Ahmed A. Abd El‐Latif, Bassem Abd-El-Atty, Salvador Elías Venegas-Andraca, Haitham Elwahsh, Md. Jalil Piran, Ali Kashif Bashir, Oh-Young Song, Wojciech Mazurczyk
Internet of Things acts an essential role in our everyday lives and it definitely has the potential to grow on the importance and revolutionize our future. However, the present communication technologies have several security related issues which is required to provide secure end to end connectivity among services. Moreover, due to recent, rapid growth of quantum technologies, most common security mechanisms considered secure today may be soon imperilled. Thus, the modern security mechanisms during their construction also require the power of quantum technologies to resist various potential attacks from quantum computers. Because of its characteristics, quantum walks (QW) is considered as a universal quantum computation paradigm that can be accepted as an excellent key generator. In this regard, in this paper a new lightweight image encryption scheme based on QW for secure data transfer in the internet of things platforms and wireless networking with edge computing is proposed. The introduced approach utilises the power of nonlinear dynamic behaviour of QW to construct permutation boxes and generates pseudo-random numbers for encrypting the plain image after dividing it into blocks. The results of the conducted simulation and numerical analyses confirm that the presented encryption algorithm is effective. The encrypted images have randomness properties, no useful data about the ciphered image can be obtained via analysing the correlation of adjacent pixels. Moreover, the entropy value is close to 8, the number of the pixel change rate is greater than 99.61%, and there is high sensitivity of the key parameters with large key space to resist various attacks.
Internet of Things acts an essential role in our everyday lives and it definitely has the potential to grow on the importance and revolutionize our future. However, the present communication technologies have several security related issues which is required to provide secure end to end connectivity among services. Moreover, due to recent, rapid growth of quantum technologies, most common security mechanisms considered secure today may be soon imperilled. Thus, the modern security mechanisms during their construction also require the power of quantum technologies to resist various potential attacks from quantum computers. Because of its characteristics, quantum walks (QW) is considered as a universal quantum computation paradigm that can be accepted as an excellent key generator. In this regard, in this paper a new lightweight image encryption scheme based on QW for secure data transfer in the internet of things platforms and wireless networking with edge computing is proposed. The introduced approach utilises the power of nonlinear dynamic behaviour of QW to construct permutation boxes and generates pseudo-random numbers for encrypting the plain image after dividing it into blocks. The results of the conducted simulation and numerical analyses confirm that the presented encryption algorithm is effective. The encrypted images have randomness properties, no useful data about the ciphered image can be obtained via analysing the correlation of adjacent pixels. Moreover, the entropy value is close to 8, the number of the pixel change rate is greater than 99.61%, and there is high sensitivity of the key parameters with large key space to resist various attacks.
Fifth generation (5G) networks are the base communication technology for connecting objects in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. 5G is being developed to provide extremely large capacity, robust integrity, high bandwidth, and low latency. With the development and innovating new techniques for 5G-IoT, it surely will drive to new enormous security and privacy challenges. Consequently, secure techniques for data transmissions will be needed as the basis for 5G-IoT technology to address these arising challenges. Therefore, various traditional security mechanisms are provided for 5G-IoT technologies and most of them are built on mathematical foundations. With the growth of quantum technologies, traditional cryptographic techniques may be compromised due to their mathematical computation based construction. Quantum walks (QWs) is a universal quantum computational model, which possesses inherent cryptographic features that can be utilized to build efficient cryptographic mechanisms. In this paper, we use the features of quantum walk to construct a new S-box method which plays a significant role in block cipher techniques for 5G-IoT technologies. As an application of the presented S-box mechanism and controlled alternate quantum walks (CAQWs) for 5G-IoT technologies a new robust video encryption mechanism is proposed. As well as to fulfill needs of encryption for varied files in 5G-IoT, we utilize the features of quantum walk to propose a novel encryption strategy for secure transmission of sensitive files in 5G-IoT paradigm. The analyses and results of the proposed cryptosystems show that it has better security properties and efficacy in terms of cryptographic performance.
The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications has led to the large-scale deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that incessantly generate and transmit sensitive data over wireless networks.Although the current mostly used symmetric encryption algorithm for securing such networks is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the advent of quantum computing threatens the long-term security of AES, as well as the weaknesses inherent to the key generation, distribution, and lifecycle management.This research paper proposes a Quantum Enhanced AES framework for IoT based WSNs which integrates the use of Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) based high entropy key generation, key injection against side channel attacks and dynamic session-based rekeying.Compared with classical AES and two state-of-the-art security frameworks based on quantum computing, i.e., QKDassisted AES scheme and lightweight post-quantum security hybrid AES framework, the proposed scheme increases the entropy of the key by about 20% (from 0.82 to 0.99), and lowers the key exposure risk by more than 60% by using session-based rekeying.Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can achieve up to 8 to10% higher throughput and 22% lower end-to-end delay than post-quantum AES schemes, and also prolongs the network lifetime by almost 15% under realistic IoT-WSN workloads.The framework maintains and does not alter the AES standard compliance and does not make any changes to the AES core, thus it ensures practical applicability.These results show that the proposed approach offers a good quantum resilience with low performance and energy overhead, which is suitable for long-lived and security-critical IoT-WSN deployment.
The Internet of Things (IoT) and quantum computing revolutionized the era of conventional and classical computing into a new paradigm of Quantum-IoT where qubits and entanglement make IoT more interactive, powerful, and secure. They facilitate numerous tasks by increasing productivity and efficiency, paving the path for a smarter and more connected future. In this article, we propose a novel authentication scheme, “Securing the Internet of Things, Lightweight Mutual Authentication Based on Quantum Key Distribution (LMA-QIoT)”. LMA-QIoT enables mutual authentication using various parameters including quantum key distribution, symmetric keys and timestamps, as well as additional quantum random numbers. All these parameters play a crucial role in thwarting man-in-the-middle, backtracking and nonce reuse attacks. The evaluation of LMA-QIoT demonstrates that quantum key distribution and quantum numbers enhance system performance by reducing CPU usage by 25% and memory requirements 30% compared to an IoT edge-based system and without a server, respectively. In the reconfiguration ratio, the efficiency metric grows exponentially and remains constant on the initial line in edge-server-based systems. In comparison, LMA-QIoT confirms a much reduced overall computational complexity by 16.64%, with the lowest computational cost of O(n2). At 1024 Bytes, the original data length and increased data length (normalized) sizes stay constant with 2logn(klogn). Comparing the total overhead, LMA-QIoT demonstrates a reduction of 33 ms, which corresponds to approximately 16.63% less than the baseline mechanisms.
The swift, secure transmission of data, especially sensitive data, such as that acquired from high-resolution image sensors, is a major focus of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Current strategies do not strike a balance between security and efficiency, causing messages to be lost and/or processing to be delayed to an unacceptable level. We present a new quantum-inspired quantum walk (Q-IQW) encryption protocol. The Q-IQW protocol is used to implement the first blockchain for the safe transfer of data between IIoT devices. For the first time, quantum hash functions based on Q-IQW are used to link blocks in a chain instead of traditional hash functions. The main contributions of the protocol are the efficient data transfer between IIoT nodes and the ability to fully control their data. This work focuses on simulating the protocol to understand the theoretical and empirical performance of the protocol. The results show that in terms of entropy of 7.99 and unified average changing intensity (UACI) of 33.56%, the protocol is very robust as evidenced by 99.58% number of pixel change rate (NPCR), and low correlation, i.e., the protocol exhibits very high security. Further, the protocol is reliable in that it can perfectly recover images under high distortion, for example, a 50% data occlusion in the encrypted images. These outcomes underscore the dependability, utility, and efficiency of the protocol in protecting IIoT information to make it a viable remedy for maintaining the integrity of the information during transfer and storage.
Abstract The rapid development of quantum computing poses a serious threat to traditional encryption technologies, especially in the field of image security, where existing encryption schemes struggle to withstand quantum attacks. Therefore, quantum image encryption research is crucial. In the field of quantum image encryption, keys with high randomness and high security are essential. To address the issue of insufficient randomness in quantum walks in low-dimensional spaces, this paper proposes two solutions: the high-dimensional quantum walk paradigm and the entropy-increasing circuit. The high-dimensional quantum walk paradigm enhances the complexity of random sequences by expanding the dimensions of quantum walks, while the entropy-increasing circuit boosts the entropy of the key through quantum operations, thereby improving its randomness and resistance to attacks. To verify the random performance of the entropy-increased key, it is applied to quantum image encryption, with the specific circuit implementation of the encryption process provided. Finally, experimental analysis demonstrates the security of the algorithm.
In the Internet of Things environment, the secure transmission of digital images has attracted much attention. To improve the confidentiality, we propose an image cryptosystem adopting a quantum chaotic map and the certain security-enhanced mechanisms. Firstly, we use the good random characteristics of quantum chaotic sequences to enhance security performance. Then, we introduce a plaintext correlation mechanism and a diffusion-permutation-diffusion structure in the cryptosystem. Finally, we verify the cryptosystem on a common secure communication platform. The theoretical and statistical analysis results demonstrate that the cryptosystem has excellent performance and can resist various cryptographic attacks. Moreover, feasibility and effectiveness of the image cryptosystem are verified on the Internet of Things secure communication experimental platform. It proves that the proposed image cryptosystem is a preferred and promising secure communication technology solution.