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Optics Letters

Electrically driven source of time-energy entangled photons based on a self-pumped silicon microring resonator

Francesco Garrisi, Federico Andrea Sabattoli, Savda Sam, Andrea Barone, Micol Previde Massara, Federico Pirzio, Francesco Morichetti, Andrea Ivano Melloni, Marco Liscidini, Mattéo Galli, Daniele Bajoni

Published Apr 14, 2020• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Time-energy entangled photon pairs are fundamental resources for quantum communication protocols since they are robust against environmental fluctuations in optical fiber networks. Pair sources based on spontaneous four-wave mixing in silicon microring resonators usually employ expensive external tunable lasers to compensate for ambient fluctuations; adopting self-pumped configurations, instead, lifts the need for such external source. Here we demonstrate the emission of time-energy entangled photon pairs at telecom wavelengths from a silicon self-pumped ring, obtaining a Franson interference fringe with 93.9 % ± 0.9 % visibility.

DOI
10.1364/ol.389407

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Time-energy entangled photon pairs are fundamental resources for quantum communication protocols since they are robust against environmental fluctuations in optical fiber networks. Pair sources based on spontaneous four-wave mixing in silicon microring resonators usually employ expensive external tunable lasers to compensate for ambient fluctuations; adopting self-pumped configurations, instead, lifts the need for such external source. Here we demonstrate the emission of time-energy entangled photon pairs at telecom wavelengths from a silicon self-pumped ring, obtaining a Franson interference fringe with 93.9 % ± 0.9 % visibility.
Entanglement is a fundamental resource in quantum information processing. Several studies have explored the integration of sources of entangled states on a silicon chip but the sources demonstrated so far require millimeter lengths and pump powers of the order of hundreds of mWs to produce an appreciable photon flux, hindering their scalability and dense integration. Microring resonators have been shown to be efficient sources of photon pairs, but entangled state emission has never been demonstrated. Here we report the first demonstration of a microring resonator capable of emitting time-energy entangled photons. We use a Franson experiment to show a violation of Bell's inequality by as much as 11 standard deviations. The source is integrated on a silicon chip, operates at sub-mW pump power, emits in the telecom band with a pair generation rate exceeding 107^77 Hz per nmnmnm, and outputs into a photonic waveguide. These are all essential features of an entangled states emitter for a quantum photonic networks.
An integrated source of time-energy entangled photons is demonstrated through resonantly enhanced spontaneous four-wave mixing in a silicon micro-ring resonator. A Franson type set-up is employed to show the quantum interference between photon pairs with a visibility exceeding 90% and a violation of the Bell's inequality by more than 10 standard deviations. The high spectral brightness and the extremely small footprint of our source make it suitable for the development of quantum information protocols integrated on chip.
Entanglement is a fundamental resource in quantum information processing. Several studies have explored the integration of sources of entangled states on a silicon chip, but the devices demonstrated so far require millimeter lengths and pump powers of the order of hundreds of milliwatts to produce an appreciable photon flux, hindering their scalability and dense integration. Microring resonators have been shown to be efficient sources of photon pairs, but entangled state emission has never been proven in these devices. Here we report the first demonstration, to the best of our knowledge, of a microring resonator capable of emitting time-energy entangled photons. We use a Franson experiment to show a violation of Bell’s inequality by more than seven standard deviations with an internal pair generation exceeding 107 Hz. The source is integrated on a silicon chip, operates at milliwatt and submilliwatt pump power, emits in the telecom band, and outputs into a photonic waveguide. These are all essential features of an entangled state emitter for a quantum photonic network.
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a scheme to generate discrete frequency entangled photon pairs based on a silicon micro-ring resonator. The resonator is placed in a Sagnac fiber loop. Stimulated by two pump lights at two different resonance wavelengths of the resonator, photon pairs at another two resonance wavelengths are generated along two opposite directions in the fiber loop, by the nondegenerate spontaneous four wave mixing in the resonator. Their states are superposed and interfered at the output ports of the fiber loop to generate frequency entangled photon pairs. On the other hand, since the pump lights come from two continuous wave lasers, energy-time entanglement is an intrinsic property of the generated photon pairs. The entanglements on frequency and energy-time are demonstrated experimentally by the experiments of spatial quantum beating and Franson-type interference, respectively, showing that the silicon micro-ring resonators are ideal candidates to realize complex photonic quantum state generation.
We report an efficient energy-time entangled photon-pair source based on four-wave mixing in a CMOS-compatible silicon photonics ring resonator. Thanks to suitable optimization, the source shows a large spectral brightness of 400\,pairs of entangled photons /s/MHz for 500 μW\rm 500\,\mu W500μW pump power. Additionally, the resonator has been engineered so as to generate a frequency comb structure compatible with standard telecom dense wavelength division multiplexers. We demonstrate high-purity energy-time entanglement, i.e., free of photonic noise, with near perfect raw visibilities (>>>~98\%) between various channel pairs in the telecom C-band. Such a compact source stands as a path towards more complex quantum photonic circuits dedicated to quantum communication systems.