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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Discrete Frequency Entangled Photon Pair Generation Based on Silicon Micro-ring Cavities

Jing Suo, Wei Zhang, Shuai Dong, Yidong Huang, Jiangde Peng

Published Sep 5, 2016• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a scheme to generate discrete frequency entangled photon pairs based on a silicon micro-ring resonator. The resonator is placed in a Sagnac fiber loop. Stimulated by two pump lights at two different resonance wavelengths of the resonator, photon pairs at another two resonance wavelengths are generated along two opposite directions in the fiber loop, by the nondegenerate spontaneous four wave mixing in the resonator. Their states are superposed and interfered at the output ports of the fiber loop to generate frequency entangled photon pairs. On the other hand, since the pump lights come from two continuous wave lasers, energy-time entanglement is an intrinsic property of the generated photon pairs. The entanglements on frequency and energy-time are demonstrated experimentally by the experiments of spatial quantum beating and Franson-type interference, respectively, showing that the silicon micro-ring resonators are ideal candidates to realize complex photonic quantum state generation.

DOI
10.7566/jpsj.85.104401

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•Sep 2, 2016•0 citations
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a scheme to generate discrete frequency entangled photon pairs based on a silicon micro-ring resonator. The resonator is placed in a Sagnac fiber loop. Stimulated by two pump lights at two different resonance wavelengths of the resonator, photon pairs at another two resonance wavelengths are generated along two opposite directions in the fiber loop, by the nondegenerate spontaneous four wave mixing in the resonator. Their states are superposed and interfered at the output ports of the fiber loop to generate frequency entangled photon pairs. On the other hand, since the pump lights come from two continuous wave lasers, energy-time entanglement is an intrinsic property of the generated photon pairs. The entanglements on frequency and energy-time are demonstrated experimentally by the experiments of spatial quantum beating and Franson-type interference, respectively, showing that the silicon micro-ring resonators are ideal candidates to realize complex photonic quantum state generation.
In this paper, hyper-entanglement on polarization and energy-time is generated based on a silicon micro-ring cavity. The silicon micro-ring cavity is placed in a fiber loop connected by a polarization beam splitter. Photon pairs are generated by the spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) in the cavity bi-directionally. The two photon states of photon pairs propagate along the two directions of the fiber loop and are superposed in the polarization beam splitter with orthogonal polarizations, leading to the polarization entanglement generation. On the other hand, the energy-time entanglement is an intrinsic property of photon pairs generated by the SFWM, which maintains in the process of the state superposition. The property of polarization entanglement is demonstrated by the two photon interferences under two non-orthogonal polarization bases. The property of energy-time entanglement is demonstrated by the Franson type interference under two non-orthogonal phase bases. The raw visibilities of all the measured interference fringes are higher than 1/2, the bench mark for violation of the Bell inequality. It indicates that silicon micro-ring cavity is a promising candidate to realize high performance hyper-entanglement generation.
We demonstrate time-bin entanglement generation in telecom wavelength using a 7 μm radius Si micro-ring resonator pumped by a continuous wave laser. The resonator structure can enhance spontaneous four wave mixing, leading to a photon pair generation rate of about 90-100 Hz with a laser pump power of as low as -3.92 dBm (0.41 mW). We succeed in observing time-bin entanglement with the visibility over 92%. Moreover, wavelength-tunability of the entangled photon pair is demonstrated by changing the operation temperature.
Integrated quantum photonics leverages the on-chip generation of nonclassical states of light to realize key functionalities of quantum devices. Typically, the generation of such nonclassical states relies on whispering gallery mode resonators, such as integrated optical micro-rings, which enhance the efficiency of the underlying spontaneous nonlinear processes. While these kinds of resonators excel in maximizing either the temporal confinement or the spatial overlap between different resonant modes, they are usually associated with large mode volumes, imposing an intrinsic limitation on the efficiency and footprint of the device. Here, we engineer a source of time-energy entangled photon pairs based on a silicon photonic crystal cavity, implemented in a fully CMOS-compatible platform. In this device, resonantly enhanced spontaneous four-wave mixing converts pump photon pairs into signal/idler photon pairs under the energy-conserving condition in the telecommunication C-band. The design of the resonator is based on an effective bichromatic confinement potential, allowing it to achieve up to nine close-to-equally spaced modes in frequency, while preserving small mode volumes, and the whole chip, including grating couplers and access waveguides, is fabricated in a single run on a silicon-on-insulator platform. Besides demonstrating efficient photon pair generation, we also implement a Franson-type interference experiment, demonstrating entanglement between signal and idler photons with a Bell inequality violation exceeding five standard deviations. The high generation efficiency combined with the small device footprint in a CMOS-compatible integrated structure opens a pathway toward the implementation of compact quantum light sources in all-silicon photonic platforms.
Time-energy entangled photon pairs are fundamental resources for quantum communication protocols since they are robust against environmental fluctuations in optical fiber networks. Pair sources based on spontaneous four-wave mixing in silicon microring resonators usually employ expensive external tunable lasers to compensate for ambient fluctuations; adopting self-pumped configurations, instead, lifts the need for such external source. Here we demonstrate the emission of time-energy entangled photon pairs at telecom wavelengths from a silicon self-pumped ring, obtaining a Franson interference fringe with 93.9 % ± 0.9 % visibility.
We report an efficient energy-time entangled photon-pair source based on four-wave mixing in a CMOS-compatible silicon photonics ring resonator. Thanks to suitable optimization, the source shows a large spectral brightness of 400\,pairs of entangled photons /s/MHz for 500 μW\rm 500\,\mu W500μW pump power. Additionally, the resonator has been engineered so as to generate a frequency comb structure compatible with standard telecom dense wavelength division multiplexers. We demonstrate high-purity energy-time entanglement, i.e., free of photonic noise, with near perfect raw visibilities (>>>~98\%) between various channel pairs in the telecom C-band. Such a compact source stands as a path towards more complex quantum photonic circuits dedicated to quantum communication systems.