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Quantum Electronics

Rabi spectroscopy of the clock transition in thulium atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice

E.S. Fedorova, Dmitry O. Tregubov, Artem A. Golovizin, D. Mishin, Daniil I. Provorchenko, Ksenia Yu. Khabarova, В. Н. Сорокин, N. Kolachevsky

Published Mar 1, 2020• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The clock transition at a wavelength of 1.14 μm in thulium atoms in an optical lattice in the Lamb – Dick regime is studied. The capture of thulium atoms makes it possible to suppress completely both the transition broadening due to the first-order Doppler effect and the shift of the transition frequency caused by the recoil effect. The excitation spectra of sideband oscillation frequencies and Rabi oscillations of population between the clock transition levels upon resonance excitation are investigated.

DOI
10.1070/qel17259

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Quantum Electronics•Jun 1, 2020•6 citations
Abstract The clock transition at a wavelength of 1.14 μm in thulium atoms in an optical lattice in the Lamb – Dick regime is studied. The capture of thulium atoms makes it possible to suppress completely both the transition broadening due to the first-order Doppler effect and the shift of the transition frequency caused by the recoil effect. The excitation spectra of sideband oscillation frequencies and Rabi oscillations of population between the clock transition levels upon resonance excitation are investigated.
An optical atomic clock with 171 Yb atoms is devised and tested. By using a two-stage Doppler cooling technique, the 171 Yb atoms are cooled down to a temperature of 6±3 μK, which is close to the Doppler limit. Then, the cold 171 Yb atoms are loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice with a wavelength of 759 nm in the Lamb—Dicke regime. Furthermore, these cold 171 Yb atoms are excited from the ground-state 1 S 0 to the excited-state 3 P 0 by a clock laser with a wavelength of 578 nm. Finally, the 1 S 0 – 3 P 0 clock-transition spectrum of these 171 Yb atoms is obtained by measuring the dependence of the population of the ground-state 1 S 0 upon the clock-laser detuning.
We discuss the extension of a recently proposed method based on continuous spectroscopy of 88 Sr atoms trapped in a moving optical lattice [Appl. Phys. Express, 14 , 072 006 (2021)] to the operation of bicolor thulium optical clocks. Simultaneous interrogation of two clock transitions at 1.14 μ m and build-up of a synthetic frequency provides a straightforward way to significantly suppress the first-order Doppler shift and cancel out the second-order Zeeman shift, the latter being one of the major sources of uncertainty in the originally proposed 88 Sr setup. In our configuration, the total systematic frequency shift is 4 × 10 −16 and instability is at or lower than 10 −18 after 1 h of integration.
Abstract This paper presents a detailed analysis of the effect of the optical lattice field on clock transition spectroscopy, as exemplified by thulium atoms. We consider the applicability of the sifting of atoms in an optical lattice by ramping down the power of the laser light that produces it. This method allows the number of filled vibrational sublevels to be reduced down to a single vibrational state, without changing the inner state of the atoms. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by the example of the spectroscopy of a clock transition in thulium atoms in the resolved sideband regime.
The deterministic excitation of thulium atoms from the ground vibrational state of the optical lattice potential to the first and second vibrational levels with efficiencies of 40 and 24%, respectively, has been demonstrated. The purity of the prepared vibrational states is at least 93 and 95% in the former and latter cases, respectively, and is limited by both the purity of the initial state and the non-resonant excitation of the clock transition carrier frequency. The obtained high efficiency and quality of the preparation of atoms in a given vibrational level make it possible to characterize and control the frequency shift of the clock transition due to the interaction of thulium atoms with the field of the optical lattice, which is necessary to achieve an uncertainty of 10–17 for the thulium optical clock.
We investigate the influence of atomic motion on precision Rabi spectroscopy of ultracold fermionic atoms confined in a deep one-dimensional optical lattice. We analyze the spectral components of longitudinal sideband spectra and present a model to extract information about the transverse motion and sample temperature from their structure. Rabi spectroscopy of the clock transition itself is also influenced by atomic motion in the weakly confined transverse directions of the optical lattice. By deriving Rabi flopping and Rabi line shapes of the carrier transition, we obtain a model to quantify trap-state-dependent excitation inhomogeneities. The inhomogeneously excited ultracold fermions become distinguishable, which allows sss-wave collisions. We derive a detailed model of this process and explain observed density shift data in terms of a dynamic mean-field shift of the clock transition.
Abstract A population transfer from the upper level of the clock transition in thulium atoms to the ground level is demonstrated by using radiation with a wavelength of 402 nm. The method for detecting the clock transition excitation that is not affected by technical fluctuations of the number of atoms in an optical lattice is investigated. The hyperfine splitting of the |4f12(3F2)5d5/2 6s2; J = 7/2〉 level in the thulium atom is measured to be 1480(9) MHz. The suggested method for population transfer can be applied to both the hyperfine components of the clock transition intended for compensating Zeeman effect in a thulium optical clock.