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IEEE photonics journal

Amplification Characteristics of a Coumarin 460-Based Tunable Amplifier

Jianping Shen, Wei Wang, Siwei Zhang

Published Mar 3, 2020• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We studied the optical signal amplification properties of coumarin 460 (C460) in solution. An optical signal amplification experiment was performed using a side-pumping setup. Amplification of more than 7 dB was achieved over a 13-nm spectral width in the signal wavelength range of 448-461 nm with gains above 10 dB at 448 nm and in the 455-461-nm range. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the entire band was 5.8-11.1 dB. When the solution concentration and pump energy were 0.001 M (mol/L) and 117 μJ, respectively, the optical gain reached a maximum of 12.25 dB. Thus, the gain and SNR were measured by adjusting the pump energy and solution concentration to determine the optimal concentration of coumarin 460 in methanol solution in the amplifier. Additionally, amplification of the spontaneous emission was found to seriously reduce the SNR, adversely affecting the optical gain.

DOI
10.1109/jphot.2020.2978116

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We studied the optical signal amplification properties of coumarin 460 (C460) in solution. An optical signal amplification experiment was performed using a side-pumping setup. Amplification of more than 7 dB was achieved over a 13-nm spectral width in the signal wavelength range of 448-461 nm with gains above 10 dB at 448 nm and in the 455-461-nm range. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the entire band was 5.8-11.1 dB. When the solution concentration and pump energy were 0.001 M (mol/L) and 117 μJ, respectively, the optical gain reached a maximum of 12.25 dB. Thus, the gain and SNR were measured by adjusting the pump energy and solution concentration to determine the optimal concentration of coumarin 460 in methanol solution in the amplifier. Additionally, amplification of the spontaneous emission was found to seriously reduce the SNR, adversely affecting the optical gain.
Recently optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) with vacuum inputs have been extensively studied and shown to generate a significant amount of squeezing, but little is known about the quantum noise behavior of an OPA with an injected signal field. We have performed a linearized quantum analysis of a nondegenerate OPA operated in the saturated gain regime showing that the amplified output intensity of a coherent-state input signal becomes squeezed when the classical small-signal gain falls below unity. In uses such as master-oscillator power amplifiers, for which the signal of interest is the mean output intensity, the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be higher than the input SNR over a broad operating range. For an OPA pumped at 90% of threshold, the SNR improvement is about a factor of 3, and with a 10-Db amplitude squeezed pump, the improvement increases to about a factor of 7. Such a tunable gain-saturated OPA with large-signal gain and improved SNR can be potentially useful in digital communication.
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Introduction Most of the lightwave transmission systems operating today benefit fully from extensive deployment of optical amplifiers (OA). These components perform the amplification of optical intensity directly in the optical domain, without resorting to any electrical-domain regeneration. Optical amplifiers increase the average number of output photons per unit time by several orders of magnitude compared with the incoming signal intensity. However, as with every amplifying process, optical amplification cannot be achieved without paying back for the unavoidable noise power added to the signal intensity. As we will see in detail in Chapter 6, the optical amplification process comes with optical noise generated by spontaneous emission inside the active medium. The intensity of the optical signal is represented by the flux of the signal photon population. Conversely, the photons generated by the spontaneous emission process inside the optical cavity represent the noise photon population. The fundamental phenomenon supporting optical amplification is stimulated emission. The basic property of stimulated emission, making the great difference from spontaneous emission and enabling optical amplification, is the coherent nature of the photon generation process. Accordingly, both signal and noise photons go through the same multiplication process by means of stimulated emission. Unless the optical cavity where the stimulated emission takes place (the active cavity) presents selective features for enhancing the signal photon population relative to the spontaneous one, there is no way to avoid noise photons going through stimulated emission, filling most of the cavity population. As a consequence, both photon populations increase, leading respectively to amplified signal intensity and to amplified spontaneous emission intensity. It should be apparent that every noise photon can create a new identical noise photon as a result of stimulated emission, effectively increasing the noise intensity in the active optical cavity. This is the well-known mechanism of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in optical amplification. Any improvement in the optical amplifier structure devoted to increasing stimulated over spontaneous emission will probably increase the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the cavity output. The spectrum of gain characteristic of the optical active medium is usually wide enough to support an efficient amplification of the broadband spontaneous emission spectrum, leading to the broadband ASE noise power spectral density.
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The effect of optical amplification on the signal-to-noise ratio of autocorrelation measurements has been investigated experimentally. A light signal containing correlation information was amplified by an inverted population (phase-insensitive) optical amplifier. The data clearly show that the amplification may either degrade or enhance a subsequent autocorrelation measurement, depending on the experimental conditions. In particular, enhancement is possible when the detector quantum efficiency is low, or its noise is high. However, when all the signal photons are already being detected with no extra noise, then any optical amplification will inevitably lead to degradation of the data quality, due to addition of amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE) from the amplifier itself.
A comparison is reported of the observed spectral narrowing of amplified spontaneous emission from dye amplifiers with predictions from a dynamical model based on rate equations. This is employed to develop a generally applicable method of determining the unsaturated gain within the dye medium. Comparison is made with another technique for determining gain over the restricted pumping range for which it is applicable. The matching of theory to experiment is sufficiently sensitive that good values can also be determined for the wavelength dependence of the excited singlet state absorption cross section.