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IEICE Communications Express

Evaluation of performance improvement of space selective modulation by increasing number of transmitting antennas

Daiki Fukushima, Hideichi Sasaoka, Hisato Iwai, Shinsuke Ibi

Published Jan 1, 2020• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

As a physical layer security technique, directional modulation (DM) using an array antenna was proposed. By the method, modulated signal can be correctly reconstructed in only the pre-specified direction from the array. On the other hand, Space Selective Modulation (SSM) was proposed. SSM shares the similar principle to DM. Using the technique, modulated signal is correctly reconstructed in only the specified space, not the specified direction by utilizing fading characteristics. The originally proposed SSM uses three or four transmitting antennas. However, the transmissible probability is not 100%. Because a modulated signal is formed by summing up phase-controlled channel coefficients in SSM, symbols of the all constellation points may not be formed depending on the channel conditions. It brings about a decrease in the secrecy capacity of the secure information transmission. In this paper, we consider solving the problem by increasing the number of antennas. We quantitatively evaluated the secrecy capacity by computer simulations. The results confirm the improvement of the total performance in the secrecy capacity of SSM.

DOI
10.1587/comex.2019spl0023

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As a physical layer security technique, directional modulation (DM) using an array antenna was proposed. By the method, modulated signal can be correctly reconstructed in only the pre-specified direction from the array. On the other hand, Space Selective Modulation (SSM) was proposed. SSM shares the similar principle to DM. Using the technique, modulated signal is correctly reconstructed in only the specified space, not the specified direction by utilizing fading characteristics. The originally proposed SSM uses three or four transmitting antennas. However, the transmissible probability is not 100%. Because a modulated signal is formed by summing up phase-controlled channel coefficients in SSM, symbols of the all constellation points may not be formed depending on the channel conditions. It brings about a decrease in the secrecy capacity of the secure information transmission. In this paper, we consider solving the problem by increasing the number of antennas. We quantitatively evaluated the secrecy capacity by computer simulations. The results confirm the improvement of the total performance in the secrecy capacity of SSM.
Random frequency diverse array (RFDA) based directional modulation (DM) was proposed as a promising technology in secure communications to achieve a precise transmission of confidential messages, and artificial noise (AN) was considered as an important helper in RFDA-DM. Compared with previous works that only focus on the spot of the desired receiver, in this work, we investigate a secrecy region around the desired receiver, that is, a specific range and angle resolution around the desired receiver. Firstly, the minimum number of antennas and the bandwidth needed to achieve a secrecy region are derived. Moreover, based on the lower bound of the secrecy capacity in RFDA-DM-AN scheme, we investigate the performance impact of AN on the secrecy capacity. From this work, we conclude that: 1) AN is not always beneficial to the secure transmission. Specifically, when the number of antennas is sufficiently large and the transmit power is smaller than a specified value, AN will reduce secrecy capacity due to the consumption of limited transmit power. 2) Increasing bandwidth will enlarge the set for randomly allocating frequencies and thus lead to a higher secrecy capacity. 3) The minimum number of antennas increases as the predefined secrecy transmission rate increases.
In this paper, a random frequency diverse array-based directional modulation with artificial noise (RFDA-DM-AN) scheme is proposed to enhance physical layer security of wireless communications. Specifically, we first design the RFDA-DM-AN scheme by randomly allocating frequencies to transmit antennas, thereby achieving 2-D (i.e., angle and range) secure transmissions, and outperforming the state-of-the-art 1-D (i.e., angle) phase array (PA)-based DM scheme. Then we derive the closed-form expression of a lower bound on the ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC) of our RFDA-DM-AN scheme. Based on the theoretical lower bound derived, we further optimize the transmission power allocation between the useful signal and artificial noise (AN) in order to improve the ESC. Simulation results show that: (1) our RFDA-DM-AN scheme achieves a higher secrecy capacity than that of the PA-based DM scheme; (2) the lower bound derived is shown to approach the ESC as the number of transmit antennas N increases and precisely matches the ESC when N is sufficiently large; and (3) the proposed optimum power allocation achieves the highest ESC of all power allocations schemes in the RFDA-DM-AN.
Security capacity improvement is always the implementation goal of physical layer security, which can be achieved by deliberate randomization based on differentia and uniqueness of wireless channels through signal processing method. An information-guided randomization secure transmission scheme is proposed combined with a spatial modulation system in which information can be carried by receiving antennas index but actually by channel differentia. Randomization is generated along with channel modulation procedure realized by corresponding preprocessing to transmitting signals. We provide three approaches for designing preprocessing weights under different constraint conditions. The former two can only be used when the number of receiving antennas is less than transmitting and have a tradeoff with varying degrees between receiving performance and security. The third one then relaxes the limits via generalized spatial modulation and can be used for arbitrary antennas configuration but with a receiving performance compromise. Lastly, results of performance analysis and numerical evaluation show that the proposed secure scheme is effective to prohibit the eavesdropper from intercepting information.
The broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the communication over this medium vulnerable to eavesdropping. In this paper, we propose a directional sensitive modulation signal transmitted by Monopulse Cassegrain antenna for physical (PHY) layer security transmission. The main idea is that the sum beam transmit communication signal, simultaneously, and two difierence beams transmit artiflcial noise to guarantee secure transmission of the sum beam. The eavesdropper's channel is degraded by artiflcial noise, but the desired receiver's channel does not afiect because of the spatial orthogonality between the sum beam and two difierence beams. In this way, the desired receiver can demodulate the communication signal while the eavesdroppers learn almost nothing about the information from its observations. A closed-form expression of the secrecy capacity is also derived for this practical transmit scheme from the viewpoint of information theoretic. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed signal can signiflcantly improve the performance of secure wireless communications.
The physical layer security performances of low-complexity opportunistic transmission strategy based on multiple antenna are investigated for cooperative adaptive decode-and-forward relaying system in Nakagami-m fading channels. To fully utilize the antenna diversity gain to improve the system security performance, the transmitting nodes apply the transmit antenna selection strategy, and the receiving nodes apply the maximal ratio combining strategy. The closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability are derived, the asymptotic analysis of secrecy performance is further provided, and the secrecy diversity order are also obtained. Simulation results verify the correctness of theoretical analysis and identify the effects of several system parameters on the secrecy performance of the opportunistic transmission strategy. It is shown that the system secrecy performance can be greatly improved by increasing the number of antennas at the legitimate nodes and increasing the Nakagami fading channel parameters of legitimate channels.
The use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver aims to improve performance or to increase symbol rate of systems, but it usually requires higher implementation complexity. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) architectures can be used for combined transmit and receive diversity, for the parallel transmission of data or spatial multiplexing. When used for spatial multiplexing, MIMO technology promises high bit rates in a narrow bandwidth. Therefore, it is of high significance to spectrum users. In this case, MIMO system considers the transmission of different signals from each transmit element so that the receiving antenna array receives a superposition of all transmitted signals. Mobile communication systems must support multiple users achieving at the same time privacy of users contents. Security common solutions are based on encrypted algorithms from higher layers, such as private and public encrypted keys. Other possibility is to implement physical layer security schemes. One advantage of physical layer security relies on their ability to be combined with other security schemes from higher layers. Due to the broadcast nature of MIMO systems, security is a critical issue. However, the constellation shaping on the desired direction introduced by a new proposed transmitter means that we have directivity at the transmitted constellation that can be employed to assure security at physical layer. Privacy is achieved since each user must know the set of coefficients associated to each BPSK component as well as the array configuration; otherwise receives useless data. Therefore, the inherent security lies on the constellation directivity, i.e., the direction in which the constellation is optimized, which can be improved by changes on coefficients’ phases or using constellations that are decomposed with a higher number of BPSK components. The several cases analyzed in this speech show effectiveness of the proposed approach to implement a security scheme at physical layer level.