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PHYSICAL LAYER SECURITY USING PSEUDO-RANDOM SEQUENCE KEY GENERATION

Srihari Arolla, Naga Venkata Sai Teja Gurrala

Published Jan 1, 2018• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Nowadays, network security plays a major role in the field of wireless communications. Wired networks propagate electrical signals or pulses through cables. Whereas wireless signals propagate through the air. If wireless networks are left open and exposed to the outside world, there are high chances of being misused by others. The intruders take advantage of this, to intercept the wireless signals. This is the reason why an extra level of security is required for wireless networks. The physical layer is one of the important layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model which plays an important role in the network’s physical connections like wireless transmission, cabling, connections etc. The physical layer supports the bit-level transmission between various devices by connecting to the physical medium for synchronized communication.In this thesis, a method is studied for exchanging secret key [1] bits using a pseudo-random sequence generator based on Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) systems. The principle of this method is to generate a secret key in a manner that produces low correlation at the intruder. By uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel in a private version of the universal codebook, a robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is then performed.

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Nowadays, network security plays a major role in the field of wireless communications. Wired networks propagate electrical signals or pulses through cables. Whereas wireless signals propagate through the air. If wireless networks are left open and exposed to the outside world, there are high chances of being misused by others. The intruders take advantage of this, to intercept the wireless signals. This is the reason why an extra level of security is required for wireless networks. The physical layer is one of the important layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model which plays an important role in the network’s physical connections like wireless transmission, cabling, connections etc. The physical layer supports the bit-level transmission between various devices by connecting to the physical medium for synchronized communication.In this thesis, a method is studied for exchanging secret key [1] bits using a pseudo-random sequence generator based on Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) systems. The principle of this method is to generate a secret key in a manner that produces low correlation at the intruder. By uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel in a private version of the universal codebook, a robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is then performed.
The demands for higher data rates and network decentralized nodes in wireless communication systems urge the need for efficient methods to preserve the security levels. Many of the existing methods to share a private secret key between the connected nodes, tend to have high computational complexity. Furthermore, most physical layer approaches assume TDD systems to use the intrinsic feature of the reciprocal channels. In this paper, we propose a new method for exchanging secret key bits using a private random precoding based in MIMO FDD systems. The principle of this method is to exploit the PMI in a manner that produces low correlation at the intruder. By uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel precoding matrix in a private version of the universal codebook, a robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is then performed.
In wireless communication systems, secret key is used to protect confidential transmission. The process of securely exchanging these key bits is critical. Most existing methods require cumbersome calculations which may not be appropriate for limited power devices. In this paper, we propose a physical layer key exchange method which transmits the key bits by encoding them within some phase randomization sequences that are selected according to a certain channel criterion. The phase randomization sequences only randomize the data phases and thus no efficiency reduction will be incurred. The proposed is demonstrated within the context of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO- OFDM) system. The results reveal that, relative to existing techniques, this method offers superior performance and lower computational complexity.
In wireless communication systems, secret key is used to protect confidential transmission. The process of securely exchanging these key bits is critical. Most existing methods require cumbersome calculations which may not be appropriate for limited power devices. In this paper, we propose a physical layer key exchange method which transmits the key bits by encoding them within some phase randomization sequences that are selected according to a certain channel criterion. The phase randomization sequences only randomize the data phases and thus no efficiency reduction will be incurred. The proposed is demonstrated within the context of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO- OFDM) system. The results reveal that, relative to existing techniques, this method offers superior performance and lower computational complexity.
Along with the ongoing evolution of multiple antenna communication systems, new physical layer security techniques are continuing to achieve higher levels of secrecy. Most physical layer approaches, however, concern time division duplex (TDD) channels which rely on using the channel reciprocity feature as a shared randomness and tend to be associated with a large computational burden. In this paper, we propose a new physical layer method which utilizes private random precoding for exchanging the secret key bits in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The principle of this method is to exploit the precoding matrix index in a manner that produces low correlation at the adversary. A robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is established by uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel precoding matrix using a private version of the universal codebooks. What is more is that the proposed method is applicable in both frequency division duplex (FDD) and TDD channels. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can offer superior performance in terms of the key agreement, secrecy level, and computational load.
Encryption schemes for network security usually require a key distribution center to share or distribute the secret keys, which is difficult to deploy in wireless networks without fixed infrastructure. A novel key generation scheme based on the physical layer can generate a shared key between a pair of correlated parties by sharing random sources. The existing physical layer key generation scheme is based on the half-duplex mode with time division duplex (TDD) mode, which makes it impossible for the correlated communication parties to detect the channel simultaneously in order to improve the channel coherence. In this paper, we propose a full-duplex physical layer key generation scheme, which allows each legal communication nodes to transmit and receive signals at the same time, in order to reduce channel probing time and increase channel coherence performance. The simulation experiments show that the proposed scheme can much outperform some typical existing schemes in terms of the key performance evaluation indicators, key disagreement rate, key generation rate, entropy of the scheme improved, and the randomness of generated keys passed the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test.
Modern networking technologies involve the interconnection of smart and intelligent physical objects to provide advanced services. These physical objects may be part of various network technologies like WLAN, wireless sensor network (WSN), Internet of Things (IoT), etc., and share data in wireless mode, which should be secured from threats. These physical devices possess many constraints like power, computational complexity and storage, and are required to have lightweight security algorithms. Traditionally, security is achieved by the higher layers of the communication model, which has high computational complexity and consumes more power. In this chapter, a secure-key-generation scheme from physical layer characteristics is introduced as a possible lightweight security alternative to traditional upper-layer security approaches. The proposed scheme is based on the wiretap-channel model and security is achieved by generating keys at both communicating ends independently, based on inherent common-channel characteristics like randomness. It is mainly based on the principle of spatial decorrelation and channel reciprocity for identical carrier frequency. There is no provision for sharing keys as in public-key cryptography, so physical-layer key generation is not vulnerable to threats like key leakage. The generated key at the transmitter encrypts plain text; the generated cipher is transmitted on the common channel and is decrypted at the receiver end using the key generated by the receiver. Key generation consists of fundamental blocks like channel probing and quantization followed by information reconciliation and privacy amplification. The physical-layer key generation is already a power-efficient security solution; this chapter aims to enhance this capacity further. This is done by introducing low-end signal conditioning in the channel-probing step using moving-window averaging. This solution not only improves system performance but also makes it suitable for limited- power applications. The performance of the key-generation system is characterised in terms of the bit-disagreement rate between the generated key sequences of communicating parties and the key randomness by means of the NIST statistical test suite.