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International Conference on Communications

Secret key exchange under physical layer security using MIMO private random precoding in FDD systems

Hasan Taha, Emad A. Alsusa

Published May 1, 2016• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The demands for higher data rates and network decentralized nodes in wireless communication systems urge the need for efficient methods to preserve the security levels. Many of the existing methods to share a private secret key between the connected nodes, tend to have high computational complexity. Furthermore, most physical layer approaches assume TDD systems to use the intrinsic feature of the reciprocal channels. In this paper, we propose a new method for exchanging secret key bits using a private random precoding based in MIMO FDD systems. The principle of this method is to exploit the PMI in a manner that produces low correlation at the intruder. By uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel precoding matrix in a private version of the universal codebook, a robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is then performed.

DOI
10.1109/icc.2016.7511622

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The demands for higher data rates and network decentralized nodes in wireless communication systems urge the need for efficient methods to preserve the security levels. Many of the existing methods to share a private secret key between the connected nodes, tend to have high computational complexity. Furthermore, most physical layer approaches assume TDD systems to use the intrinsic feature of the reciprocal channels. In this paper, we propose a new method for exchanging secret key bits using a private random precoding based in MIMO FDD systems. The principle of this method is to exploit the PMI in a manner that produces low correlation at the intruder. By uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel precoding matrix in a private version of the universal codebook, a robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is then performed.
Along with the ongoing evolution of multiple antenna communication systems, new physical layer security techniques are continuing to achieve higher levels of secrecy. Most physical layer approaches, however, concern time division duplex (TDD) channels which rely on using the channel reciprocity feature as a shared randomness and tend to be associated with a large computational burden. In this paper, we propose a new physical layer method which utilizes private random precoding for exchanging the secret key bits in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The principle of this method is to exploit the precoding matrix index in a manner that produces low correlation at the adversary. A robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is established by uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel precoding matrix using a private version of the universal codebooks. What is more is that the proposed method is applicable in both frequency division duplex (FDD) and TDD channels. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can offer superior performance in terms of the key agreement, secrecy level, and computational load.
Secret key establishment is considered to be one of the main challenging issues in cryptography. Many security algorithms are implemented in practice using complicated mathematical methods to exchange secret keys, but those methods are not desirable in power limited terminals such as cellular and sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a physical layer method for exchanging secret key bits in precoding based multi-input multi-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed method uniquely relates the key bits to the indices of the precoding matrix used for MIMO channel precoding. The basic idea of the technique is to utilize a MIMO-OFDM precoding codebook. Comparative analysis with respect to the average number of mismatch bits, named key error rate (KER), shows an interesting lead for the new method relative to existing work. In addition, it will be shown that the proposed technique requires lower computation per byte per secret key.
Nowadays, network security plays a major role in the field of wireless communications. Wired networks propagate electrical signals or pulses through cables. Whereas wireless signals propagate through the air. If wireless networks are left open and exposed to the outside world, there are high chances of being misused by others. The intruders take advantage of this, to intercept the wireless signals. This is the reason why an extra level of security is required for wireless networks. The physical layer is one of the important layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model which plays an important role in the network’s physical connections like wireless transmission, cabling, connections etc. The physical layer supports the bit-level transmission between various devices by connecting to the physical medium for synchronized communication.In this thesis, a method is studied for exchanging secret key [1] bits using a pseudo-random sequence generator based on Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) systems. The principle of this method is to generate a secret key in a manner that produces low correlation at the intruder. By uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel in a private version of the universal codebook, a robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is then performed.
In the literature, J.-P. Cheng et al. have proposed the MIMO-OFDM PHY integrated (MOPI) scheme for achieving physical-layer security in practice without using any cryptographic ciphers. The MOPI scheme uses channel sounding and physical-layer network coding (PNC) to prevent eavesdroppers from learning the channel state information (CSI). Nevertheless, due to the use of multiple antennas for PNC at transmitter and beamforming at receiver, it is not possible to have spatial multiplexing nor use space-time codes in our previous MOPI scheme. In this paper, we propose a variant of the MOPI scheme, called P-MOPI, that works with a cryptographic cipher and utilizes precoding matrix index (PMI) as an efficient key-exchange mechanism. With channel sounding, the PMI is only known between the transmitter and the legal receiver. The shared key can then be used, e.g., as the seed to generate pseudo random bit sequences for securing subsequent transmissions using a stream cipher. By applying the same techniques at independent subcarriers of the OFDM system, the P-MOPI scheme easily allows two communicating parties to exchange over 100 secret bits. As a result, not only secure communication but also the MIMO gain can be guaranteed by using the P-MOPI scheme.
In physical-layer security, secret bits are extracted from wireless channels. With the assumption of channel reciprocity, the legitimate users share the same channel which is independent of the channels between the legitimate users and the eavesdropper, leading to secure transmissions. However, practical implementation of the physical layer security faces many challenges. First, for the correlated channel such as the multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel, the security is decreased due to the correlation between the generated secret bits. Second, the nearby eavesdropper posts a security threat due to observing the same channel as the legitimate user's. Third, the eavesdroppers might try to reconstruct the wireless environments. In this paper, we propose two practical physical layer security schemes for the MIMO orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems: the precoding matrix index (PMI)-based secret key generation with rotation matrix (MOPRO) and the channel quantization-based (MOCHA) scheme. The former utilizes PMI and rotated reference signals to prevent the eavesdroppers from learning the secret key information and the latter applies channel quantization in order to extract more secret key bits. It is shown that not only the secure communication but also the MIMO gain can be guaranteed by using the proposed schemes.
In wireless communication systems, secret key is used to protect confidential transmission. The process of securely exchanging these key bits is critical. Most existing methods require cumbersome calculations which may not be appropriate for limited power devices. In this paper, we propose a physical layer key exchange method which transmits the key bits by encoding them within some phase randomization sequences that are selected according to a certain channel criterion. The phase randomization sequences only randomize the data phases and thus no efficiency reduction will be incurred. The proposed is demonstrated within the context of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO- OFDM) system. The results reveal that, relative to existing techniques, this method offers superior performance and lower computational complexity.