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Physical Layer Secret Key Exchange Using Phase Randomization in MIMO-OFDM

Hasan Taha, Emad A. Alsusa

Published Dec 1, 2015• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In wireless communication systems, secret key is used to protect confidential transmission. The process of securely exchanging these key bits is critical. Most existing methods require cumbersome calculations which may not be appropriate for limited power devices. In this paper, we propose a physical layer key exchange method which transmits the key bits by encoding them within some phase randomization sequences that are selected according to a certain channel criterion. The phase randomization sequences only randomize the data phases and thus no efficiency reduction will be incurred. The proposed is demonstrated within the context of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO- OFDM) system. The results reveal that, relative to existing techniques, this method offers superior performance and lower computational complexity.

DOI
10.1109/glocom.2015.7417210

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In wireless communication systems, secret key is used to protect confidential transmission. The process of securely exchanging these key bits is critical. Most existing methods require cumbersome calculations which may not be appropriate for limited power devices. In this paper, we propose a physical layer key exchange method which transmits the key bits by encoding them within some phase randomization sequences that are selected according to a certain channel criterion. The phase randomization sequences only randomize the data phases and thus no efficiency reduction will be incurred. The proposed is demonstrated within the context of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO- OFDM) system. The results reveal that, relative to existing techniques, this method offers superior performance and lower computational complexity.
In wireless communication systems, secret key is used to protect confidential transmission. The process of securely exchanging these key bits is critical. Most existing methods require cumbersome calculations which may not be appropriate for limited power devices. In this paper, we propose a physical layer key exchange method which transmits the key bits by encoding them within some phase randomization sequences that are selected according to a certain channel criterion. The phase randomization sequences only randomize the data phases and thus no efficiency reduction will be incurred. The proposed is demonstrated within the context of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO- OFDM) system. The results reveal that, relative to existing techniques, this method offers superior performance and lower computational complexity.
In wireless communication systems, the conventional secret key exchange is based on the public key cryptography, which requires complex computations to retain the secrecy level of these key bits. The proposed physical layer‐based algorithms have shown promising performance to extract secret keys from the privately shared randomness relying on the reciprocal channel state between both communicated nodes. In this study, the authors propose a physical layer key exchange method which transmits the key bits by encoding them within some phase randomisation (PR) sequences that are privately indexed to a specific channel criterion. The PR sequences only randomise the data phases and thus no efficiency reduction will be incurred. In fact, by choosing a pool of randomisation sequences with certain statistical properties, they could also be used to condition the signal to meet physical layer transmission requirements such as bandwidth, envelope and so on. They quantify the potential of the proposed method by demonstrating it within the context of a multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. The results reveal that, relative to existing techniques, the proposed method offers superior key error rate performance at lower computational complexity with better secrecy level.
Secret key establishment is considered to be one of the main challenging issues in cryptography. Many security algorithms are implemented in practice using complicated mathematical methods to exchange secret keys, but those methods are not desirable in power limited terminals such as cellular and sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a physical layer method for exchanging secret key bits in precoding based multi-input multi-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed method uniquely relates the key bits to the indices of the precoding matrix used for MIMO channel precoding. The basic idea of the technique is to utilize a MIMO-OFDM precoding codebook. Comparative analysis with respect to the average number of mismatch bits, named key error rate (KER), shows an interesting lead for the new method relative to existing work. In addition, it will be shown that the proposed technique requires lower computation per byte per secret key.
Along with the ongoing evolution of multiple antenna communication systems, new physical layer security techniques are continuing to achieve higher levels of secrecy. Most physical layer approaches, however, concern time division duplex (TDD) channels which rely on using the channel reciprocity feature as a shared randomness and tend to be associated with a large computational burden. In this paper, we propose a new physical layer method which utilizes private random precoding for exchanging the secret key bits in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The principle of this method is to exploit the precoding matrix index in a manner that produces low correlation at the adversary. A robust key exchange between the transmitter and the receiver is established by uniquely relating the secret key bits to the channel precoding matrix using a private version of the universal codebooks. What is more is that the proposed method is applicable in both frequency division duplex (FDD) and TDD channels. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can offer superior performance in terms of the key agreement, secrecy level, and computational load.
Dynamic secret key generation from wireless channel characteristics is a promising technique for physical layer security. One of the important issues in this field is extending the secret key’s length while preserving its uniformity and randomness. This paper proposes a key generation method based on time-varying and the reciprocity of wireless channels for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) wireless communication systems. In the proposed technique, the complex impulse response (CIR) of the estimated channel state information (CSI) is extracted, and a quantization algorithm is designed to convert the maximum peaks of the CIR into secret key bits. The effectiveness of the proposed key generation technique is assessed in terms of the randomness of the produced key bits with different key lengths by using a statistical test suite of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The proposed technique is employed in the MIMO-OFDM systems with different modulation schemes through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. The simulation results show that the secret keys with various key lengths generated from the proposed technique for the MIMO-OFDM systems guarantee randomness. Moreover, the proposed CSI-based key generation technique provides better effectiveness in terms of security when compared to some existing techniques.
As a new way to enhance wireless communication security, secret key generation based on physical layer channel characteristics has emerged. In this paper, we propose a novel secret key generation algorithm based on wireless channel characteristics for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. The mean quantization algorithm is applied to quantize the real part and imaginary part of OFDM subcarriers, respectively, which can significantly increase the length of the generated secret key in the OFDM system. To reduce the consistency between the secret keys generated by the eavesdropper and the legitimate communication nodes, a processing method by taking the subcarrier phase as initialization of a scrambling code and scrambling the quantized result is proposed. The simulation and test results show that compared with the existing research, the proposed algorithm can improve the key generation rate (KGR), reduce the key mismatch rate (KMR) and complexity, maintain high randomness, and disturb the eavesdroppers.