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Modern Physics Letters A

Passive attack to the controlled secure direct communication with seven-qubit entangled states protocol

Zhihao Liu, Hanwu Chen, Wenjie Liu

Published Sep 17, 2019• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is found that the controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) based on a seven-qubit entangled state protocol [S. K. Wang, X. W. Zha and H. Wu, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 48 (2018)] can be passively attacked. That is to say, this protocol has the security loophole of information leakage. To be specific, the first bit of the sender’s two-bit message can be deduced by an attacker Eve according to the first and the third bits of Alice’s announcement and the first bit of the controller Charlie’s announcement. Then, a way to fix this loophole is discussed.

DOI
10.1142/s0217732319503437

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It is found that the controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) based on a seven-qubit entangled state protocol [S. K. Wang, X. W. Zha and H. Wu, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 57, 48 (2018)] can be passively attacked. That is to say, this protocol has the security loophole of information leakage. To be specific, the first bit of the sender’s two-bit message can be deduced by an attacker Eve according to the first and the third bits of Alice’s announcement and the first bit of the controller Charlie’s announcement. Then, a way to fix this loophole is discussed.
The controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) with authentication protocol based on four particle cluster states via quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations is cryptanalyzed. It is found that there are some serious security issues in this protocol. An eavesdropper (Eve) can eavesdrop on some information of the identity strings of the receiver and the controller without being detected by the selective-CNOT-operation (SCNO) attack. By the same attack, Eve can also steal some information of the secret message that the sender transmits. In addition, the receiver can take the same kind of attack to eavesdrop on some information of the secret message out of the control of the controller. This means that the requirements of CQSDC are not satisfied. At last, we improve the original CQSDC protocol to a secure one.
Recently Xia and Song [Phys. Lett. A (In press)] have proposed a controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol. They claimed that in their protocol only with the help of the controller Charlie, the receiver Alice can successfully extract the secret message from the sender Bob. In this letter, first we will show that within their protocol the controller Charlie's role can be excluded due to their unreasonable design. We then revise the Xia-Song CQSDC protocol such that its original advantages are retained and the CQSDC can be really realized.
Recently Xia and Song [Phys. Lett. A 364 (2007) 117] have proposed a controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol. They claimed that in their protocol only with the help of the controller Charlie, the receiver Alice can successfully extract the secret message from the sender Bob. In this letter, first we will show that within their protocol the controller Charlie's role could have been excluded if it were not for their unreasonable design. We then revise the Xia–Song CQSDC protocol such that its original advantages are retained and the CQSDC can be really realized.
Abstract In this paper, after quantum identity authentication is applied into controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC), a CQSDC protocol with twice identity authentications is put forward based on the entanglement swapping of Bell states. In this protocol, firstly, the user Alice and the user Bob respectively utilize decoy single particles to accomplish the identity authentications with the semi-honest control center Charlie; then, Alice and Bob utilize the entanglement swapping of Bell states to finish the identity authentication between them; and finally, Alice utilizes the entanglement swapping of Bell states to transmit her secret message directly to Bob. This protocol is validated to be able to resist the internal attacks from Charlie and the outside attacks from Eve. The correctness of this protocol is proven by the quantum circuit simulations on IBM Qiskit quantum cloud platform.
The security of controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication using a GHZ state [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 1680] is analyzed. It turns out that the MX protocol has the problem of definite information leakage, i.e., the first bit of a secret message from any communication party is always leaked out without any active attack after the controller's announcement of measurement results. We put forward two approaches to improve this. The first is to merely modify the encoding rule of the MX protocol, while the second is to use a Bell state as the quantum resource instead of a GHZ state. Both our approaches can ensure that all the bits of secret messages from two communication parties are not leaked out after the controller's announcement of measurement results. Moreover, the controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the second approach is more convenient to implement than the MX protocol, since it merely uses a Bell state as the quantum resource and only needs to perform the Bell-basis measurement.
A new controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol is presented by using a four-particle cluster state as quantum channel and the physical characteristics of controlled quantum teleportation to implement the transmission and the control. In this scheme, the receiver can receive the secret message from the sender and recover the secret message under the permission of the controller. According to the security analysis, the communication is secure against both participant and outside attacks, so this CQSDC protocol is secure and feasible.