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Laser Physics Letters

Controlled quantum secure direct communication with twice identity authentications based on the entanglement swapping of Bell states

Zheng Wang, Xia Li, Tian-Yu Ye

Published Apr 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, after quantum identity authentication is applied into controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC), a CQSDC protocol with twice identity authentications is put forward based on the entanglement swapping of Bell states. In this protocol, firstly, the user Alice and the user Bob respectively utilize decoy single particles to accomplish the identity authentications with the semi-honest control center Charlie; then, Alice and Bob utilize the entanglement swapping of Bell states to finish the identity authentication between them; and finally, Alice utilizes the entanglement swapping of Bell states to transmit her secret message directly to Bob. This protocol is validated to be able to resist the internal attacks from Charlie and the outside attacks from Eve. The correctness of this protocol is proven by the quantum circuit simulations on IBM Qiskit quantum cloud platform.

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/adc7e6

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Abstract In this paper, after quantum identity authentication is applied into controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC), a CQSDC protocol with twice identity authentications is put forward based on the entanglement swapping of Bell states. In this protocol, firstly, the user Alice and the user Bob respectively utilize decoy single particles to accomplish the identity authentications with the semi-honest control center Charlie; then, Alice and Bob utilize the entanglement swapping of Bell states to finish the identity authentication between them; and finally, Alice utilizes the entanglement swapping of Bell states to transmit her secret message directly to Bob. This protocol is validated to be able to resist the internal attacks from Charlie and the outside attacks from Eve. The correctness of this protocol is proven by the quantum circuit simulations on IBM Qiskit quantum cloud platform.
Controlled quantum teleportation (CQT) is to realise communication between a sender Alice and a receiver Bob to cooperate with a controller Charlie. It can send any quantum state α|0〉 + β|1〉 successfully by this quantum communication system. However, its drawback is that Alice can not confirm Charlie’s and Bob’s identities. In this paper, we design two identity authentication schemes IA_C and IA_B based on entanglement swapping to make identification confirmation for Charlie and Bob, and use decoy states to check outside eavesdropping. Alice confirms the identity of Charlie by using two Bell states entanglement swapping. Moreover, the identity confirmation of Bob by Alice with the help of Charlie is to use three Bell states entanglement swapping. The scheme can effectively prevent forgery identity attack to ensure the security of quantum teleportation. We also propose an improved controlled quantum teleportation (ICQT) scheme with decoy states to ensure the security of quantum channel.
Unconditional security in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on authenticating the identities of users involved in key distribution. While classical identity authentication schemes were initially utilized in QKD implementations, concerns regarding their vulnerability have prompted the exploration of Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA) protocols. In this study, we introduce a new protocol for QIA, derived from the concept of controlled secure direct quantum communication. Our proposed scheme facilitates simultaneous authentication between two users, Alice and Bob, leveraging Bell states with the assistance of a third party, Charlie. Through rigorous security analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol withstands various known attacks, including impersonation, intercept and resend and impersonated fraudulent attacks. Additionally, we establish the relevance of the proposed protocol by comparing it with the existing protocols of similar type.
First, a mutually authenticated quantum direct communication (QDC) protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed in this paper. The protocol includes two phases, the first one for mutual identity authentication and the next for direct communication. Users Alice and Bob can identify each other by checking the correlation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. According to basic properties of entanglement swapping, Bob just does exclusive-or operations on Alice's public bits and his measurement results to extract Alice's secret message in the direct communication phase. The authentication phase is proved to be secure, and there is no qubits transmission in the direct communication phase, so the protocol is completely secure. Furthermore, the presented QDC protocol is converted to a bidirectional one without information leakage unlike most bidirectional QDC protocols.
A controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol without information leakage was proposed.In the proposed protocol,two authenticated communication parties,Alice and Bob,were able to securely exchange their secret messages simultaneously under the control of the controller,Charlie.The problem of information leakage was overcome by making full use of the measurement correlation property after entanglement swapping among three Bell states.Moreover,the proposed protocol merely took the Bell state as quantum resource and merely needed the Bell measurement so that it was convenient to implement.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can detect not only the active attacks from the outside eavesdropper,but also the dishonest behavior from the controller,Charlie.It can be concluded that the proposed protocol has good security.
The controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) with authentication protocol based on four particle cluster states via quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations is cryptanalyzed. It is found that there are some serious security issues in this protocol. An eavesdropper (Eve) can eavesdrop on some information of the identity strings of the receiver and the controller without being detected by the selective-CNOT-operation (SCNO) attack. By the same attack, Eve can also steal some information of the secret message that the sender transmits. In addition, the receiver can take the same kind of attack to eavesdrop on some information of the secret message out of the control of the controller. This means that the requirements of CQSDC are not satisfied. At last, we improve the original CQSDC protocol to a secure one.
The aim of controlled quantum teleportation is to realize communication between Alice and Bob to cooperate with a trusted controller Charlie successfully. However, we show that the dishonest Bob can obtain the initial Alice's secret message with 50 percents without the permission of Charlie. We propose an improved controlled quantum teleportation scheme by using quantum entanglement swapping in quantum communication. The receiver Bob is identified by the trusted Charlie. After the sender Alice gets the feedback information from Charlie, he can make sure the identity of Bob and then sends the quantum information to Bob. The scheme can effectively prevent forged identity attack to ensure the security of quantum teleportation. We also propose a quantum teleportation scheme with identity authentication in controlled quantum network with multiple users and controllers.