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Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging

A quantum Interferometer for quantum gravity studies

Elena Losero, Siva T. Pradyumna, P. Traina, Ivano Ruo Berchera, Massimo E. Zucco, Ivo Pietro Degiovanni, C. Schelde Jacobsen, Tobias Gehring, Ulrik L. Andersen, Marco Genovese

Published Sep 6, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The search for Planck scale effects is one of holy grains of physics. At Fermilab, a system of two Michelson interferometers (MIs) was built for this purpose: the holometer. This device operates using classical light, and, therefore, its sensitivity is shot-noise limited. In collaboration with the Danish Technical University, we built a proof of principle experiment devoted to experimentally demonstrate how quantum light could improve the holometer sensitivity below the shot noise limit. It is the first time that quantum light is used in a correlated interferometric system. In particular the injection of two single mode squeezed state (one in each interferometer) and of a twin-beam state is considered, and the system performance compared in the two cases. In this proceeding, after a general introduction to the holometer purposes and to our experimental set-up, we present some characterization measurements concerning the quantum light injection.

DOI
10.1117/12.2527471

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The search for Planck scale effects is one of holy grains of physics. At Fermilab, a system of two Michelson interferometers (MIs) was built for this purpose: the holometer. This device operates using classical light, and, therefore, its sensitivity is shot-noise limited. In collaboration with the Danish Technical University, we built a proof of principle experiment devoted to experimentally demonstrate how quantum light could improve the holometer sensitivity below the shot noise limit. It is the first time that quantum light is used in a correlated interferometric system. In particular the injection of two single mode squeezed state (one in each interferometer) and of a twin-beam state is considered, and the system performance compared in the two cases. In this proceeding, after a general introduction to the holometer purposes and to our experimental set-up, we present some characterization measurements concerning the quantum light injection.
We analyze in detail a system of two interferometers aimed at the detection of extremely faint phase fluctuations. The idea behind is that a correlated phase-signal like the one predicted by some phenomenological theory of Quantum Gravity (QG) could emerge by correlating the output ports of the interferometers, even when in the single interferometer it confounds with the background. We demonstrated that injecting quantum light in the free ports of the interferometers can reduce the photon noise of the system beyond the shot-noise, enhancing the resolution in the phase-correlation estimation. Our results confirm the benefit of using squeezed beams together with strong coherent beams in interferometry, even in this correlated case. On the other hand, our results concerning the possible use of photon number entanglement in twin beam state pave the way to interesting and probably unexplored areas of application of bipartite entanglement and, in particular, the possibility of reaching surprising uncertainty reduction exploiting new interferometric configurations, as in the case of the system described here.
In this proceeding we discuss as quantum correlations can enhance measurements capabilities [1,2,3,6], discussing few examples as target detection in a noisy environment and holometer. The first [2] is a quantum enhanced scheme preserving a strong advantage over classical counterparts even in presence of large amount of noise and losses. Our work, inspired by [3], has been performed exploiting only photon number correlations in twin beams. Thus, for its simplicity it can find widespread use. Even more important by challenging the common believe that real application of quantum technologies is limited by fragility to noise and losses, it paves the way to their real application. Then, we describe as the same kind of correlations can find application in a completely different area of physics, i.e. in testing quantum gravity. Indeed, recently, effects in interferometers connected to noncommutativity of position variables in different directions were considered in two coupled interferometers [5], the ``holometer'' [6]. We show that the use of quantum correlated light beams could lead to significant improvements.
Without light, there would be no sight. Light acts as a probe in various measurement techniques ranging from imaging to spectroscopy, from small scale cantilever displace- ment measurement in atomic force microscopy to large scale mirror motion in interfer- ometry, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and many other fields. As the light probe intensity rises, it not only allows reducing the background noise effect, but it also aids precision to the measurement by reducing the photon noise (shot-noise) contribution. However, increasing intensity beyond certain threshold level is not always advantageous for ultra sensitive measurements. For example in the detection of gravitational waves, the current power circulating in the large scale interferometers can not be increased further without introducing other noise sources like thermal effects on the mirrors, un- wanted scattered photons, and back action due to radiation pressure. In the imaging of delicate photo sensitive sample, high power can causes cell damage or it may lead to disturb the regular process under investigation, viz. favouring certain biochemical reaction, which do not correspond to natural in vitro behaviour. At low intensity, pho- ton noise is an important concern and quantum states of light with correlated photon fluctuation can ideally represent a fruitful way to build specific measurement strategies to surpass the limitation of standard approach based on classical light sources, offering an avenue of solutions for ultra sensitive measurements. This thesis work focuses on two application of quantum enhanced measurement strate- gies. The first part of the thesis work has been dedicated to the realization of the first wide-field microscope with Sub Shot Noise (SSN) sensitivity. This is based on the ex- ploitation of quantum correlations in the Squeezed Vacuum state. In the second part, the investigations have made on the role of the quantum correlated beams in an unusual interferometric scheme, in which two identical optical interferometers are subject to the same phase fluctuation. The scheme, in the classical regime, has been already imple- mented in a large scale experiment devoted to the search of possible quantum gravity (QG) effects at Fermilab.
Abstract Quantum metrology deals with improving the resolution of instruments that are otherwise limited by shot noise and it is therefore a promising avenue for enabling scientific breakthroughs. The advantage can be even more striking when quantum enhancement is combined with correlation techniques among several devices. Here, we present and realize a correlation interferometry scheme exploiting bipartite quantum correlated states injected in two independent interferometers. The scheme outperforms classical analogues in detecting a faint signal that may be correlated/uncorrelated between the two devices. We also compare its sensitivity with that obtained for a pair of two independent squeezed modes, each addressed to one interferometer, for detecting a correlated stochastic signal in the MHz frequency band. Being the simpler solution, it may eventually find application to fundamental physics tests, e.g., searching for the effects predicted by some Planck scale theories.
In recent years quantum correlations have received a lot of attention as a key ingredient in advanced quantum metrology protocols. In this Letter we show that they provide even larger advantages when considering multiple-interferometer setups. In particular, we demonstrate that the use of quantum correlated light beams in coupled interferometers leads to substantial advantages with respect to classical light, up to a noise-free scenario for the ideal lossless case. On the one hand, our results prompt the possibility of testing quantum gravity in experimental configurations affordable in current quantum optics laboratories and strongly improve the precision in "larger size experiments" such as the Fermilab holometer; on the other hand, they pave the way for future applications to high precision measurements and quantum metrology.