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International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies

Two, Three and Four Dimensional BB84: A Comparative Analysis Based on C# Simulation

Liliana Zisu

Published Jul 1, 2019• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Cryptography, the principles of which are based on the laws of quantum mechanics, is a new approach to secure communication. The main advantages of quantum cryptography as opposed to classical cryptography are: unconditional security, the transmission of an encryption key of a length equal to that of the message, the impossibility of creating an identical copy of an unknown quantum state, and the disruption of the quantum system when trying to measure it. BB84 is the first and best known quantum protocol. It was created in 1984 by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard and represents a quantum key distribution. The basic idea of the protocol is to encode bits using photon polarization, one bit for each photon. The paper presents an improvement of the protocol by using quantum memory and coding two, three or four bits for each photon, achieving a great efficiency and a higher security level.

DOI
10.1109/est.2019.8806204

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Quantum Cryptography, the principles of which are based on the laws of quantum mechanics, is a new approach to secure communication. The main advantages of quantum cryptography as opposed to classical cryptography are: unconditional security, the transmission of an encryption key of a length equal to that of the message, the impossibility of creating an identical copy of an unknown quantum state, and the disruption of the quantum system when trying to measure it. BB84 is the first and best known quantum protocol. It was created in 1984 by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard and represents a quantum key distribution. The basic idea of the protocol is to encode bits using photon polarization, one bit for each photon. The paper presents an improvement of the protocol by using quantum memory and coding two, three or four bits for each photon, achieving a great efficiency and a higher security level.
Quantum cryptography, the principles of which are based on classical mechanics laws, solves exceptionally the issue of key distribution in classical cryptography. BB84, the first quantum key distribution created by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984 offers unconditional security and allows the transmission of a key with the length equal to the length of the message. According to Vernom, using the key with the above feature once together with an encryption algorithm leads to the formation of a most secure cryptographic system. The paper presents a method for improving the BB84 quantum protocol, using ten states of polarization, quantum memory and direct communication in both directions. The implementation of both the proposed method and the BB84 protocol was done through a C# application.
The first and best known quantum protocol BB84, whose security is unconditional allows the transmission of a key with a length equal to that of the message. This key used with an encryption algorithm leads to an unbreakable cryptographic scheme. Despite advantages the protocol still can be improved in at least two aspects: its efficiency which is of about 50%, only half of the photons transmitted are used to create the encryption key and the second aspect refers to the communication that takes place on the classic channel, as it must be reduced or even eliminated. The paper presents a method that improves the two aspects of the BB84 protocol by using quantum memory and eight states of polarization. The implementation of both the proposed method and the BB84 protocol was done through a C# application.
Cryptography is being introduced to secure data. Through Classical Cryptographic technique, we can encrypt our data and secure secret key also. But classical cryptography is based on mathematical techniques where reversing one-way function is possible with sufficient computing power and time. So, Quantum Cryptography is introduced to overcome those drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography. It is based on the values of quantum mechanics and photon. Scientists and researchers have brought up a new key distribution protocol based on Quantum Cryptography is called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Protocol. The first QKD protocol BB84 was introduced by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. After that several QKD protocols have been created. In this paper we have improved BB84 Protocol by removing the drawbacks of the existing algorithm towards Eavesdropping which may not be detected or disclosing large portion of secret key. Steps of the existing BB84 algorithm along with the modified one is described in detail with example and pseudo code. Limitations of BB84 and comparative study of both the existing and the improved one based on their security has been made and described in this current work.
The study of quantum computation has yielded many advantages over classical computing. One area in which quantum computation has been shown to be superior is encryption. The main advantage of quantum key distribution schemes over conventional ones is that the security of the former is guaranteed by the very laws of physics (quantum mechanics in this case), while the security of the latter usually rests on unproven assumptions about the computational difficulty of a certain problem (such as factoring a large integer).This study focuses on two key distribution protocols based on the quantum model: One developed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984 (BB84), the other developed by Marius Nagy and Selim Akl in 2006 (NA06), which uses BB84 as a base, but expands on it using the Quantum Fourier Transform.Unlike conventional protocols, quantum protocols have the ability to detect eavesdropping and the NA06 protocol is the first key distribution scheme capable of detecting an eavesdropper by testing bits that were not even eavesdropped on while in transit. The purpose of this study is to asses the performance of this novel protocol relative to the now classical BB84. These protocols are simulated on a classical computer and compared to determine what advantages, if any, the NA06 protocol holds over the BB84. The results of this report have implications in the theory of quantum key distribution.
Quantum cryptography lies at the intersection of information theory and quantum mechanics. Cryptosystems come in two major classes depending on whether the key is shared in public or in secret. Public key cryptosystems are special in that they allow two people, who have not yet met, to communicate securely by looking-up encryption methods in a public directory. In quantum cryptography, the sender and receiver have two types of communication channels: a classical public channel and a quantum channel. The best application of cryptography is to allow a secure communication. In the near future, quantum cryptography may be used in top-secret applications in the military, for example, as the basis of communication links. The first protocol for quantum cryptography was proposed in 1984 by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard. Some of the basic quantum cryptographic systems are: four-states protocol, two-states protocol, 4+2 protocol and multi-photon and multi-stage protocol.
Quantum Cryptography (QKD) uses the laws of Quantum Mechanics to create new cryptographic primitives.Precisely, this technique is based on two laws of quantum mechanics, namely uncertainty principle and no-cloning theorem.The best known QKD is the BB84 protocol published by Bennett and Brassard in 1984.Since then, various QKD protocols have been developed for example a B92 protocol.This latter is similar to that of BB84but this time using only two non-orthogonal states of the four states of BB84.In this work, we develop the java simulation B92 protocol and we give some details of the implementation.Next, we show by an example how Alice (Initiator) can configure the protocol parameters before execution.Finally, we give the statistical results allowing to compare this protocol with that of BB84.