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CRC Press eBooks

Quantum Cryptography

S. Rajasekar, R. Velusamy

Published Oct 5, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum cryptography lies at the intersection of information theory and quantum mechanics. Cryptosystems come in two major classes depending on whether the key is shared in public or in secret. Public key cryptosystems are special in that they allow two people, who have not yet met, to communicate securely by looking-up encryption methods in a public directory. In quantum cryptography, the sender and receiver have two types of communication channels: a classical public channel and a quantum channel. The best application of cryptography is to allow a secure communication. In the near future, quantum cryptography may be used in top-secret applications in the military, for example, as the basis of communication links. The first protocol for quantum cryptography was proposed in 1984 by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard. Some of the basic quantum cryptographic systems are: four-states protocol, two-states protocol, 4+2 protocol and multi-photon and multi-stage protocol.

DOI
10.1201/9781003172192-10

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Cryptography is a word derived from the Greek that is approximately translated as hidden writing. There are various forms and styles of cryptography; however, since ancient times the aim of cryptography has been the same: secure the transmission of information from an emitter to a receiver. A classical form of cryptography involves the sharing of a code between the emitter and the receiver. A different algorithmic approach allows the use of a public key and is known as public key cryptography. This approach uses a public key and a secured key, both of which are mathematically connected. Quantum cryptography was first introduced by Weisner in 1983 and then by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard. A refined protocol was introduced by Bennett et al. The Bennett and Brassard approach relies on the straightforward polarization property of single photons. An alternative method, based on the quantum entanglement of pairs of photons, was introduced by A. K. Ekert.
Quantum Cryptography is based on the use of subatomic particles (photons) and their intrinsic quantum properties (photon polarization) to develop an unbreakable system. It is not possible to measure the quantum state of any system without affecting the system. This property provides secure transmission of key between sender and receiver. Quantum Cryptography is a way to combine the relative ease and convenience of key exchange in public key cryptography with the ultimate security of a one-time pad. Quantum techniques for key distribution, the classically impossible task of distributing secret information over an insecure channel whose transmissions are subject to inspection by an eavesdropper, between parties who share no secret key initially. Quantum Cryptography uses the principles of Quantum Mechanics to implement a cryptographic system. The key problem which is solved by using quantum techniques is that of eavesdropping detection. The bits are represented as qubits, physically modeled by photons, and communicated over a quantum channel. The polarization states of photons represent 0's and 1's. Keyword: Asymmetric key, Cryptography, Protocols, Quantum, symmetric key
Quantum cryptography is known the most up-to-date in domain of realistic cryptography notably the menace of quantum cryptanalysis which threatens security firmness of public key cryptography. Quantum cryptography has a famous scheme known as Quantum Key Exchange (QKE), that administrates generation and distribution of a secured random key between legitimate channel users depicted as sender and receiver. Consequently, such key could be used as a key for one-time pad hybrid cryptosystems to encrypt and authenticate messages over a quantum channel. (QKE) is based on unifying quantum physics concepts and information theory with conventional cryptographic schemes that target to produce a short secret session key between any two legitimate parties. An important phase in key creation of BB84 protocol is Privacy Amplification phase where two interconnecting parties distill highly secret shared key from a larger body of shared key, which is only partially secret. The two legitimate parties publicly exchange information to create a compressed key free from biased bits known by an eavesdropper.
Quantum cryptography is known the most up-to-date in domain of realistic cryptography notably the menace of quantum cryptanalysis which threatens security firmness of public key cryptography. Quantum cryptography has a famous scheme known as Quantum Key Exchange (QKE), that administrates generation and distribution of a secured random key between legitimate channel users depicted as sender and receiver. Consequently, such key could be used as a key for one-time pad hybrid cryptosystems to encrypt and authenticate messages over a quantum channel. (QKE) is based on unifying quantum physics concepts and information theory with conventional cryptographic schemes that target to produce a short secret session key between any two legitimate parties. An important phase in key creation of BB84 protocol is Privacy Amplification phase where two interconnecting parties distill highly secret shared key from a larger body of shared key, which is only partially secret. The two legitimate parties publicly exchange information to create a compressed key free from biased bits known by an eavesdropper.
Quantum cryptography uses physics to develop a cryptosystem completely secure against being compromised, without the sender or the receiver of messages being known. The word quantum itself refers to the most fundamental behavior of the smallest particles of matter and energy. Quantum cryptography is different from traditional cryptographic systems in that it relies more on physics, rather than mathematics, as a key aspect of its security model. Essentially, quantum cryptography is based on the usage of individual particles/waves of light (photon) and their intrinsic quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptosystem (because it is impossible to measure the quantum state of any system without disturbing that system). Regular, non-quantum encryption can work in a variety of ways but generally a message is scrambled and can only be unscrambled using a secret key. The trick is to make sure that whomever you’re trying to hide your communication from doesn’t get their hands on your secret key.
Cryptography is an art and science of secure communication. Here the sender and receiver are guaranteed the security through encryption of their data, with the help of a common key. Both the parties should agree on this key prior to communication. The cryptographic systems which perform these tasks are designed to keep the key secret while assuming that the algorithm used for encryption and decryption is public. Thus key exchange is a very sensitive issue. In modern cryptographic algorithms this security is based on the mathematical complexity of the algorithm. But quantum computation is expected to revolutionize computing paradigm in near future. This presents a challenge amongst the researchers to develop new cryptographic techniques that can survive the quantum computing era. This paper reviews the radical use of quantum mechanics for cryptography.