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Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy

A method to improve the BB84 protocol

Liliana Zisu

Published Jul 15, 2019• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum cryptography, the principles of which are based on classical mechanics laws, solves exceptionally the issue of key distribution in classical cryptography. BB84, the first quantum key distribution created by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984 offers unconditional security and allows the transmission of a key with the length equal to the length of the message. According to Vernom, using the key with the above feature once together with an encryption algorithm leads to the formation of a most secure cryptographic system. The paper presents a method for improving the BB84 quantum protocol, using ten states of polarization, quantum memory and direct communication in both directions. The implementation of both the proposed method and the BB84 protocol was done through a C# application.

DOI
10.21279/1454-864x-19-i1-023

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Quantum cryptography, the principles of which are based on classical mechanics laws, solves exceptionally the issue of key distribution in classical cryptography. BB84, the first quantum key distribution created by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984 offers unconditional security and allows the transmission of a key with the length equal to the length of the message. According to Vernom, using the key with the above feature once together with an encryption algorithm leads to the formation of a most secure cryptographic system. The paper presents a method for improving the BB84 quantum protocol, using ten states of polarization, quantum memory and direct communication in both directions. The implementation of both the proposed method and the BB84 protocol was done through a C# application.
The first and best known quantum protocol BB84, whose security is unconditional allows the transmission of a key with a length equal to that of the message. This key used with an encryption algorithm leads to an unbreakable cryptographic scheme. Despite advantages the protocol still can be improved in at least two aspects: its efficiency which is of about 50%, only half of the photons transmitted are used to create the encryption key and the second aspect refers to the communication that takes place on the classic channel, as it must be reduced or even eliminated. The paper presents a method that improves the two aspects of the BB84 protocol by using quantum memory and eight states of polarization. The implementation of both the proposed method and the BB84 protocol was done through a C# application.
Quantum Cryptography, the principles of which are based on the laws of quantum mechanics, is a new approach to secure communication. The main advantages of quantum cryptography as opposed to classical cryptography are: unconditional security, the transmission of an encryption key of a length equal to that of the message, the impossibility of creating an identical copy of an unknown quantum state, and the disruption of the quantum system when trying to measure it. BB84 is the first and best known quantum protocol. It was created in 1984 by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard and represents a quantum key distribution. The basic idea of the protocol is to encode bits using photon polarization, one bit for each photon. The paper presents an improvement of the protocol by using quantum memory and coding two, three or four bits for each photon, achieving a great efficiency and a higher security level.
Cryptography is being introduced to secure data. Through Classical Cryptographic technique, we can encrypt our data and secure secret key also. But classical cryptography is based on mathematical techniques where reversing one-way function is possible with sufficient computing power and time. So, Quantum Cryptography is introduced to overcome those drawbacks of traditional classical cryptography. It is based on the values of quantum mechanics and photon. Scientists and researchers have brought up a new key distribution protocol based on Quantum Cryptography is called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Protocol. The first QKD protocol BB84 was introduced by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. After that several QKD protocols have been created. In this paper we have improved BB84 Protocol by removing the drawbacks of the existing algorithm towards Eavesdropping which may not be detected or disclosing large portion of secret key. Steps of the existing BB84 algorithm along with the modified one is described in detail with example and pseudo code. Limitations of BB84 and comparative study of both the existing and the improved one based on their security has been made and described in this current work.
Security awareness is one of the most pressing topics in today's globe. The idea of cryptography is introduced when the subject is information security. Conventional cryptography-based security techniques rely on the presumption that keys are shared before secure connections. The most crucial factor to consider when integrating cryptographic operations into account when integrating cryptographic operations in with any system is the safe key management strategy required for sending and transferring a secret key between two entities The systems will be vulnerable to bugs and possibly fatal external assaults if the fundamental management methods are poor A method for securely encrypting data sent between parties is quantum cryptography. and spotting eavesdroppers trying to overhear the conversation. Quantum cryptography may be the solution to these issues a quantum cryptography application, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), refers to the production of a cryptographic key with unconditional security assured by physical rules. Quantum cryptography is a kind of encryption. We examine the quantum key exchange protocol (BB84 protocol) in this study and the way that it significantly improves data transfer security when compared to standard encryption techniques. The main objective of quantum cryptography is to offer a trustworthy way to provide a secure method of communication between the intended peers only and to detect the Eavesdropper presence.
Classical cryptographic systems are increasingly challenged by advances in computing power and new algorithmic techniques, particularly with the rise of quantum computing, which threatens the security of current encryption methods. This has spurred interest in quantum-resistant cryptography, aimed at creating algorithms that can withstand attacks from quantum computers. Traditionally, secure key transport over alternate channels has been a significant challenge, but quantum mechanics offers a solution. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a revolutionary method for secure communication that leverages quantum principles. Unlike traditional methods, QKD provides unconditional security, with key security ensured by the laws of physics rather than computational difficulty. The BB84 protocol, introduced in 1984 by Bennett and Brassard, is a leading QKD scheme known for its simplicity and effectiveness in generating eavesdropping-resistant cryptographic keys. It facilitates secure key transport over alternate channels. This documentation aims to advance QKD security by practically implementing and analyzing the BB84 protocol. Through detailed theoretical analysis, simulation studies, and experimental validation, the practical impacts, and limitations of BB84-based QKD systems are examined. Additionally, a practical implementation of quantum key distribution using a sudoku key demonstrates the process's simplicity and effectiveness. These findings are expected to pave new paths in the field of cryptanalysis in the emerging Quantum Age.
Quantum cryptography is a technique to distribute a sequence of truly random and unconditionally secure bits over a secure communication by applying the phenomena of quantum physics. The distributed secret bits perform the secret key which is used later to encrypt messages with an encryption algorithm, usually the One-Time-Pad is used. Quantum Key Distribution solves the security problem in classical cryptography by depending on the laws of physics which is focusing on the physics of information. Quantum protocol gain usually is low due to the quantum channel noise and the difference between the photon polarization at the sender and receiver side; in this research, a method is proposed to increase the protocol gain without decreasing the security level of quantum key. BB84 quantum key distribution algorithm is implemented and simulated with MATLAB R2010a simulation; and a comparison is made with A. Singh and N. Sharma [14] results.