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IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

Faraday Filtering on the Cs-D1-Line for Quantum Hybrid Systems

Matthias Widmann, Simone Luca Portalupi, Peter Michler, Jörg Wrachtrup, Ilja Gerhardt

Published Sep 24, 2018• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Narrow-band filtering of light is widely used in optical spectroscopy. Atomic filters, which rely on the Faraday effect, allow for GHz-wide transmission spectra, which are intrinsically matched to an atomic transition. We present an experimental realization and a theoretical study of a Faraday filter based on cesium and its D1-line-transition (62S1/2→ 62P1/2) around 894 nm. We also present the prospects and visions for combining this filter with the single photon emission of a single quantum dot, which matches with the atomic transition. The option to lock the spectral position of a quantum dot is discussed at the end of this letter.

DOI
10.1109/lpt.2018.2871770

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Narrow-band filtering of light is widely used in optical spectroscopy. Atomic filters, which rely on the Faraday effect, allow for GHz-wide transmission spectra, which are intrinsically matched to an atomic transition. We present an experimental realization and a theoretical study of a Faraday filter based on cesium and its D1-line-transition (62S1/2→ 62P1/2) around 894 nm. We also present the prospects and visions for combining this filter with the single photon emission of a single quantum dot, which matches with the atomic transition. The option to lock the spectral position of a quantum dot is discussed at the end of this letter.
Faraday Filtering on the Cs-D1_11​-Line for Quantum Hybrid Systems
Narrow-band filtering of light is widely used in optical spectroscopy. Atomic filters, which rely on the Faraday effect, allow for GHz-wide transmission spectra, which are intrinsically matched to an atomic transition. We present an experimental realization and a theoretical study of a Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) based on cesium and its D1_11​-line-transition (62S1/2→62P1/26^2S_{1/2}\rightarrow6^2P_{1/2}62S1/2​→62P1/2​) around 894nm. We also present the prospects and visions for combining this filter with the single photon emission of a single quantum dot (QD), which matches with the atomic transition.
Abstract Hybrid quantum systems integrating semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and atomic vapours become important building blocks for scalable quantum networks due to the complementary strengths of individual parts. QDs provide on-demand single-photon emission with near-unity indistinguishability comprising unprecedented brightness—while atomic vapour systems provide ultra-precise frequency standards and promise long coherence times for the storage of qubits. Spectral filtering is one of the key components for the successful link between QD photons and atoms. Here we present a tailored Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter based on the caesium-D1 transition for interfacing it with a resonantly pumped QD. The presented Faraday filter enables a narrow-bandwidth (Δω=2π × 1 GHz) simultaneous filtering of both Mollow triplet sidebands. This result opens the way to use QDs as sources of single as well as cascaded photons in photonic quantum networks aligned to the primary frequency standard of the caesium clock transition.
In forthcoming quantum networks various quantum systems might be involved to accomplish individual tasks, including storage of quantum states, quantum logic operations, error correction, or entanglement distillation. An interface between a single photon emitter and a potential photon storage could provide one fundamental building block of such a hybrid quantum system. Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and atomic vapors have already been brought together by single photon spectroscopy of cesium and rubidium [1,2], narrow filtering of QD resonance fluorescence in cesium [3], slowing down QD photons by dispersion between the 6.8 GHz hyperfine-split rubidium D2transitions [4] and in the middle of the four cesium D1 transitions [5] (at around 5.0 GHz in Fig. 1 b).In our experiment the neutrally charged excitonic transition of a strain-tunable InGaAs QD is pumped either resonantly or non-resonantly by a pulsed laser. The QD emission is set between two cesium D1 transitions at 894 nm, which are hyperfine-split only by 1.2 GHz, with a very strong dispersion compared to preceding studies [4,5]. This allows for delay times of a few nanoseconds even at low optical densities, resulting in a propagation velocity at the order of 1/20 of the vacuum speed of light. Such a single photon - atom interface might lay the foundations for a low-loss quantum memory in a future hybrid quantum network.
Hybrid quantum systems are based on the capability to interface elements from complementary fields: only the best properties from all components are utilized, overcoming the limitation of each field. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are well established as sources of bright, pure and highly indistinguishable on-demand single photons. A crucial limitation is given by the relatively short coherence time. This can be overtaken by interfacing them to alkali atoms, which display a very long coherence time and will benefit from the superior properties of QD-based non-classical light sources. As one example of an efficient QD-to-atom interface, we recently demonstrated the filtering of two consecutive single photons generated from a resonantly excited QD by using a Cs-based Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF). The Mollow triplet sidebands were tuned on resonance with the Cs-D1transition and simultaneously filtered with more than 10 % transmission. All other spectral components were suppressed below the noise level. In the present study, a Cs vapor was used to realize a variable optical delay. A resonantly excited QD is used as a source of on-demand single photons, frequency tuned in between the aforementioned Cs-D1 transition. An extensive study on the effects of vapor temperature on the achievable delay has been conducted using single photons with several different linewidth. A record delay of 28 ns was achieved for almost 100% of the transmitted photons. Autocorrelation measurements revealed that an almost ideal g(2)(0) ≈ 0 is preserved after the interaction with the atomic vapor.
Atomic spectral line filter is a narrow band pass optical filter which has many applications in quantum and laser systems. By engineering the system parameters like gas temperature and intensity of magnetic field, the filter with desired characteristics could be obtained. In this work, an atomic spectral line filter for Cesium D1 line (894.6nm) is implemented and characterized. The effect of system parameters on the filter transmission and its bandwidth is investigated. It is observed that by applying a magnetic field of 390 Gauss and adjusting the gas cell temperature on 40°C, a single peak filter with maximum filter transmission and FWHM of 0.24 GHz could be obtained.
We demonstrate a Cs FADOF (Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter) with a single transmission peak resonant with the 6S(1/2), F = 4 → 7P(3/2), F' = 3, 4, 5 transition at 455 nm. The filter achieves a single peak transmission of 86%. With the technique of saturated absorption spectra, we obtain the bandwidth of the single peak, which is 1.5 GHz. While most of other FADOFs operate at frequencies far from absorption, the filter we have realized can provide light exactly resonant with atomic transitions with a high transmission. We also find that, at a particular temperature, we can achieve a single transmission peak rather than many peaks far from absorption by changing the strength of magnetic field. This technique can also be applied to other alkali atoms.