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ACS Photonics

Biphoton Statistics of Quantum Light Generated on a Silicon Chip

Xiyuan Lu, Wei C. Jiang, Jidong Zhang, Qiang Lin

Published Jul 22, 2016• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a silicon-chip biphoton source with an unprecedented quantum cross-correlation up to g si (2) (0) = (2.58 ± 0.16) × 10 4 . The emitted photons are within single whispering gallery mode with self-correlations of g ss (2) (0) = 1.90 ± 0.05 and g ii (2) (0) = 1.87 ± 0.06 for signal and idler photons, respectively. We observe the waveform asymmetry of cross-correlation between signal and idler photons and reveal the identical and nonexponential nature of self-correlations of individual signal and idler photon modes, which is the nature of cavity-enhanced nonlinear optical processes. The high efficiency and high purity of the biphoton source allow us to herald single photons with a conditional self-correlation g c (2) (0) as low as 0.0059 ± 0.0014 at a pair flux of 1.95 × 10 5 pairs/s, which remains below 0.026 ± 0.001 for a biphoton flux up to 2.93 × 10 6 pairs/s with a tunable photon preparation efficiency in the single-mode fiber up to 51% and a raw heralding efficiency up to 3.4%. Our work unambiguously demonstrates that silicon photonic chips are superior material and device platforms for integrated quantum photonics.

DOI
10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00204

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We demonstrate a silicon-chip biphoton source with an unprecedented quantum cross-correlation up to g si (2) (0) = (2.58 ± 0.16) × 10 4 . The emitted photons are within single whispering gallery mode with self-correlations of g ss (2) (0) = 1.90 ± 0.05 and g ii (2) (0) = 1.87 ± 0.06 for signal and idler photons, respectively. We observe the waveform asymmetry of cross-correlation between signal and idler photons and reveal the identical and nonexponential nature of self-correlations of individual signal and idler photon modes, which is the nature of cavity-enhanced nonlinear optical processes. The high efficiency and high purity of the biphoton source allow us to herald single photons with a conditional self-correlation g c (2) (0) as low as 0.0059 ± 0.0014 at a pair flux of 1.95 × 10 5 pairs/s, which remains below 0.026 ± 0.001 for a biphoton flux up to 2.93 × 10 6 pairs/s with a tunable photon preparation efficiency in the single-mode fiber up to 51% and a raw heralding efficiency up to 3.4%. Our work unambiguously demonstrates that silicon photonic chips are superior material and device platforms for integrated quantum photonics.
We demonstrate a silicon-chip biphoton source with an unprecedented quantum cross correlation up to gsi(2)(0)=(2.58±0.16)×104{\rm g_{si}^{(2)}(0) = (2.58 \pm 0.16) \times 10^4}gsi(2)​(0)=(2.58±0.16)×104. The emitted biphotons are intrinsically single-mode, with self correlations of gss(2)(0)=1.90±0.05{\rm g_{ss}^{(2)}(0) = 1.90 \pm 0.05}gss(2)​(0)=1.90±0.05 and gii(2)(0)=1.87±0.06{\rm g_{ii}^{(2)}(0) = 1.87 \pm 0.06}gii(2)​(0)=1.87±0.06 for signal and idler photons, respectively. We observe the waveform asymmetry of cross correlation between signal and idler photons and reveal the identical and non-exponential nature of self correlations of individual signal and idler photon modes, which is a nature of cavity-enhanced nonlinear optical processes. The high efficiency and high purity of the biphoton source allow us to herald single photons with a conditional self correlation gc(2)(0)\rm g_{c}^{(2)}(0)gc(2)​(0) as low as 0.0059±0.0014\rm 0.0059 \pm 0.00140.0059±0.0014 at a pair flux of 1.95×105\rm 1.95 \times 10^51.95×105 pairs/s, which remains below 0.026±0.001\rm 0.026 \pm 0.0010.026±0.001 for a biphoton flux up to 2.93×106\rm 2.93 \times 10^62.93×106 pairs/s, with a photon preparation efficiency in the single-mode fiber up to 51%, among the best values that have ever been reported. Our work unambiguously demonstrates that silicon photonic chips are superior material and device platforms for integrated quantum photonics.
Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on photon sources that have great purity, single-mode property, scalability, integrability and flexibility for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication. Here we report a photon-pair/single-photon source that utilizes cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microresonator. The photon-pair source has a spectral brightness of 6:25 × 108 pairs/s/mW2/GHz and a quantum cross-correlation of g(2)si (0) = (2:58 ± 0:16) × 104. The generated photons are single-mode, with a quantum self-correlation of 1:87 ± 0:05. The heralded single photons has conditional photon autocorrelation gc(2) as low as 0:0075 ± 0:0017 at 5:9 × 104 pair/s.
Integrated quantum photonics leverages the on-chip generation of nonclassical states of light to realize key functionalities of quantum devices. Typically, the generation of such nonclassical states relies on whispering gallery mode resonators, such as integrated optical micro-rings, which enhance the efficiency of the underlying spontaneous nonlinear processes. While these kinds of resonators excel in maximizing either the temporal confinement or the spatial overlap between different resonant modes, they are usually associated with large mode volumes, imposing an intrinsic limitation on the efficiency and footprint of the device. Here, we engineer a source of time-energy entangled photon pairs based on a silicon photonic crystal cavity, implemented in a fully CMOS-compatible platform. In this device, resonantly enhanced spontaneous four-wave mixing converts pump photon pairs into signal/idler photon pairs under the energy-conserving condition in the telecommunication C-band. The design of the resonator is based on an effective bichromatic confinement potential, allowing it to achieve up to nine close-to-equally spaced modes in frequency, while preserving small mode volumes, and the whole chip, including grating couplers and access waveguides, is fabricated in a single run on a silicon-on-insulator platform. Besides demonstrating efficient photon pair generation, we also implement a Franson-type interference experiment, demonstrating entanglement between signal and idler photons with a Bell inequality violation exceeding five standard deviations. The high generation efficiency combined with the small device footprint in a CMOS-compatible integrated structure opens a pathway toward the implementation of compact quantum light sources in all-silicon photonic platforms.
Advances in quantum photonics have shown that chip-scale quantum devices are translating from the realm of basic research to applied technologies. Recent developments in integrated photonic circuits and single photon detectors indicate that the bottleneck for fidelity in quantum photonic processes will ultimately lie with the photon sources. We present and demonstrate a silicon nanophotonic chip capable of emitting telecommunication band photon pairs that exhibit the highest raw degree of time-energy entanglement from a micro/nanoscale source, to date. Biphotons are generated through cavity-enhanced spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator, wherein the nature of the triply resonant generation process leads to a dramatic Purcell enhancement, resulting in highly efficient pair creation rates as well as extreme suppression of the photon noise background. The combination of the excellent photon source and a new phase locking technique allow for the observation of a nearly perfect coincidence visibility of (96.6 ± 1.1)%, without any background subtraction, at a large pair generation rate of (4.40 ± 0.07) × 10 5 pairs/s.
While integrated photonics is a robust platform for quantum information processing, architectures for photonic quantum computing place stringent demands on high quality information carriers. Sources of single photons that are highly indistinguishable and pure, that are either near-deterministic or heralded with high efficiency, and that are suitable for mass-manufacture, have been elusive. Here, we demonstrate on-chip photon sources that simultaneously meet each of these requirements. Our photon sources are fabricated in silicon using mature processes, and exploit a dual-mode pump-delayed excitation scheme to engineer the emission of spectrally pure photon pairs through inter-modal spontaneous four-wave mixing in low-loss spiralled multi-mode waveguides. We simultaneously measure a spectral purity of 0.9904 ± 0.0006, a mutual indistinguishability of 0.987 ± 0.002, and >90% intrinsic heralding efficiency. We measure on-chip quantum interference with a visibility of 0.96 ± 0.02 between heralded photons from different sources.