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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Modification of D2-line absorption contours of alkali atoms in antirelaxation coated cells

Eugene A. Tsygankov, Д Е Фомичев, Dmitry S. Chuchelov, Sergei A. Zibrov, Vladimir L Velichansky, Valery P. Yakovlev

Published Jun 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Absorption features in cells with antirelaxation coating in D2 -lines of alkali metal atoms due to the competition of cyclic and open transitions lying within the Doppler contour are studied. In cells of this type ensemble of atoms is optically pumped over all velocities and the entire volume of the cell during the characteristic time T, which noticeably exceeds local pumping times related to resonant atomic velocities. If the frequency scanning T, the retardation effect results in significant distortion of the laser wave absorption contour and to emergence of the hysteresis phenomenon. The developed theory for a realistic scheme of atomic levels with one cyclic and two open transitions describes experimentally observed absorption contours, their dependence on the light power and the frequency scanning direction.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/1238/1/012038

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Abstract Absorption features in cells with antirelaxation coating in D2 -lines of alkali metal atoms due to the competition of cyclic and open transitions lying within the Doppler contour are studied. In cells of this type ensemble of atoms is optically pumped over all velocities and the entire volume of the cell during the characteristic time T, which noticeably exceeds local pumping times related to resonant atomic velocities. If the frequency scanning T, the retardation effect results in significant distortion of the laser wave absorption contour and to emergence of the hysteresis phenomenon. The developed theory for a realistic scheme of atomic levels with one cyclic and two open transitions describes experimentally observed absorption contours, their dependence on the light power and the frequency scanning direction.
The specific features of absorption in a cell with an antirelaxation coating related to optical pumping and a finite rate of laser-frequency scanning are studied. The internal state of an atom in such cells is likely to remain unaltered after a collision with a wall. This results in optical pumping of an atomic ensemble over all velocities and the entire cell volume. Both the frequency corresponding to the maximum absorption in the D 2 line of 133 Cs and the absorption maximum itself depend on the sign of laser-frequency scanning. A theoretical model attributing the power dependence of asymmetry of the absorption contour of the 133 Cs D 2 line to the presence of cyclic transition levels in the system is presented.
We study the peculiarities of the absorption spectra in D1,2-lines of Cs, caused by optical pumping in cells with antirelaxation coating. In these cells the internal state of the atom, which arose under optical pumping by a monochromatic laser field, is preserved with a high probability in a collision with the wall. As a result, the optical pumping action extends to the entire volume of the cell and to all the velocities of the atoms. This leads to the speed-dependent scanning distortions of the absorption line profile. The detected features should be considered when using laserpumped quantum magnetometers with antirelaxation-coated cells.
Abstract A better theoretical understanding of the atom – surface interactions and of the experimental consequences and applications to a reproducible method for the construction of reliable coated absorption cells is the main scope of our research. In this paper we report on the influence of diode laser intensity and of diode frequency scanning rate on the spectrum of the D2 line of Rb atoms, contained in paraffin or PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS) coated glass cells. The anti-relaxation coating of inner walls of the glass cells allows to extend the optical orientation of atoms induced by the light to the entire cell volume and atomic velocity distribution. Moreover, in order to further investigate the role of atoms adsorbed in the anti-relaxation coatings, the D2 line spectra are compared for two cases: without and with illumination of the walls of the cell by an ultraviolet lamp. A theoretical model based on rate equations is introduced in order to analyze the experimental results. The extracted behaviour is a simple method to test the conditions of a coated surface. This finds applications in all cases where timely assessment of an organic coating layer is critical, from vapour spectroscopy to magneto-optical trapping of rare and radioactive species.
The ground electronic state of even such simple atoms as those of alkali elements has the set of sublevels. These sublevels are hyperfine (HF) components and magnetic sublevels. The collisions with particles of nonmagnetic buffer gas or even with walls (when walls have proper coating) do not mix practically the populations of ground state HF sublevels, if the orbital moment of electrons in the ground state is equal to zero. Due to this reason these sublevels may be extremely long lived. Because of this, for instance, the so-called effects of optical orientation and optical pumping are apparent in atoms of alkali metals. The radiation can pump practically all the atoms (with which there is effective interaction) to a single HF component. In a situation in which optical pumping is a minor effect, the monochromatic absorption line consists of separate lines corresponding to intra-atomic transitions. The optical pumping is not significant, for example, if the radiation intensity is so low that now pumping between HF sublevels occurs in the time it takes the atom to traverse the light beam. Under the conditions of optical pumping and when other nonlinear effects are present, the absorption line profile can undergo considerable alteration. Many theoretical and experimental investigations have been done in the laser spectroscopy of resonant transitions of atoms (atoms of alkali metals) under the conditions of optical pumping within ground state HF structure. A characteristic feature of all such investigations is the velocity-selective excitation of absorbing atoms. Also, as a rule, the value of HF splitting is not very big in comparison to Doppler broadening in these experiments. Under such conditions, the absorption spectra consists of Doppler- broadened lines with nonlinear resonances, which emerge when two fields of different frequencies or different propagation directions are employed. When only one monochromatic traveling wave is employed, optical pumping leads to formation of a single smooth absorption line occupying a position between the resonant transitions frequencies associated with HF components. As HF splitting grows, the line profile remains smooth, its width is approximately equal to the size of the HF splitting. The strength of the optical pumping from one ground state HF component to another is greater for greater HF splitting in comparison to the Doppler width. In this regard, Cs and Rb are the most typical of the alkali atoms (the HF splitting exceeds the Doppler width by a factor close to 20). This is the qualitative picture of the absorption line profile (particularly for a monochromatic radiation) under the conditions of optical pumping between the HF sublevels of the electronic ground state, this qualitative picture had formed by now.
The peculiarities of intra-Doppler structures that are observed in the atomic absorption spectrum of alkali metals with the help of two independent lasers have been studied. These structures accompany ultranarrow coherent resonances of electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption. With the D 2 line of rubidium taken as an example, it is shown that, in the scheme of unidirectional waves, the maximum number of satellite resonances caused by optical pumping selective with respect to the atomic velocity is equal to seven, while only six resonances are observed in the traditional scheme of saturated absorption with counterpropagating waves of the same frequency. The spectral position of the resonances and their polarity depend on the frequency of the saturating radiation, while their number and relative amplitude depend also on the experimental geometry. These features are of general character and should show themselves in the absorption spectrum on the D 2 lines of all alkali metals. An explanation of these features is given. The calculated spectral separations between the resonances are compared to the experimental ones, and their possible application is discussed.