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Optics and Spectroscopy

Doppler-free satellites of resonances of electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption on the D 2 lines of alkali metals

Armen D. Sargsyan, David G. Sarkisyan, David Staedter, A. M. Akulshin

Published Nov 1, 2006• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The peculiarities of intra-Doppler structures that are observed in the atomic absorption spectrum of alkali metals with the help of two independent lasers have been studied. These structures accompany ultranarrow coherent resonances of electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption. With the D 2 line of rubidium taken as an example, it is shown that, in the scheme of unidirectional waves, the maximum number of satellite resonances caused by optical pumping selective with respect to the atomic velocity is equal to seven, while only six resonances are observed in the traditional scheme of saturated absorption with counterpropagating waves of the same frequency. The spectral position of the resonances and their polarity depend on the frequency of the saturating radiation, while their number and relative amplitude depend also on the experimental geometry. These features are of general character and should show themselves in the absorption spectrum on the D 2 lines of all alkali metals. An explanation of these features is given. The calculated spectral separations between the resonances are compared to the experimental ones, and their possible application is discussed.

DOI
10.1134/s0030400x06110178

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The peculiarities of intra-Doppler structures that are observed in the atomic absorption spectrum of alkali metals with the help of two independent lasers have been studied. These structures accompany ultranarrow coherent resonances of electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption. With the D 2 line of rubidium taken as an example, it is shown that, in the scheme of unidirectional waves, the maximum number of satellite resonances caused by optical pumping selective with respect to the atomic velocity is equal to seven, while only six resonances are observed in the traditional scheme of saturated absorption with counterpropagating waves of the same frequency. The spectral position of the resonances and their polarity depend on the frequency of the saturating radiation, while their number and relative amplitude depend also on the experimental geometry. These features are of general character and should show themselves in the absorption spectrum on the D 2 lines of all alkali metals. An explanation of these features is given. The calculated spectral separations between the resonances are compared to the experimental ones, and their possible application is discussed.
Atomic coherence resonances such as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) signals are observed in a Doppler broadened multi-level system for the D 2 line of 85 Rb atoms in a vapour cell considering different types of atom–laser coupling schemes. Besides the coherence resonances, the nonlinear resonances like velocity selective optical pumping (VSOP) dips and velocity selective resonances (VSR) are also observed for the non-zero velocity selective groups of atoms. In the presence of pump, control and probe laser fields, we observe two EIT signals in a double Λ-type system and two EIA signals in a double V -type system. We are able to see the EIA signal for the non-zero velocity group of atoms when the pump laser is locked with an open transition by a small red detuning. We also report the experimental observation of simultaneous EIT and EIA signals in a (Λ+ V )-type system. The effect of frequency tuning of the control laser is also studied in the presence of the frequency locked pump laser. A simple theoretical analysis explains the experimental results.
The ground electronic state of even such simple atoms as those of alkali elements has the set of sublevels. These sublevels are hyperfine (HF) components and magnetic sublevels. The collisions with particles of nonmagnetic buffer gas or even with walls (when walls have proper coating) do not mix practically the populations of ground state HF sublevels, if the orbital moment of electrons in the ground state is equal to zero. Due to this reason these sublevels may be extremely long lived. Because of this, for instance, the so-called effects of optical orientation and optical pumping are apparent in atoms of alkali metals. The radiation can pump practically all the atoms (with which there is effective interaction) to a single HF component. In a situation in which optical pumping is a minor effect, the monochromatic absorption line consists of separate lines corresponding to intra-atomic transitions. The optical pumping is not significant, for example, if the radiation intensity is so low that now pumping between HF sublevels occurs in the time it takes the atom to traverse the light beam. Under the conditions of optical pumping and when other nonlinear effects are present, the absorption line profile can undergo considerable alteration. Many theoretical and experimental investigations have been done in the laser spectroscopy of resonant transitions of atoms (atoms of alkali metals) under the conditions of optical pumping within ground state HF structure. A characteristic feature of all such investigations is the velocity-selective excitation of absorbing atoms. Also, as a rule, the value of HF splitting is not very big in comparison to Doppler broadening in these experiments. Under such conditions, the absorption spectra consists of Doppler- broadened lines with nonlinear resonances, which emerge when two fields of different frequencies or different propagation directions are employed. When only one monochromatic traveling wave is employed, optical pumping leads to formation of a single smooth absorption line occupying a position between the resonant transitions frequencies associated with HF components. As HF splitting grows, the line profile remains smooth, its width is approximately equal to the size of the HF splitting. The strength of the optical pumping from one ground state HF component to another is greater for greater HF splitting in comparison to the Doppler width. In this regard, Cs and Rb are the most typical of the alkali atoms (the HF splitting exceeds the Doppler width by a factor close to 20). This is the qualitative picture of the absorption line profile (particularly for a monochromatic radiation) under the conditions of optical pumping between the HF sublevels of the electronic ground state, this qualitative picture had formed by now.
Abstract Absorption features in cells with antirelaxation coating in D2 -lines of alkali metal atoms due to the competition of cyclic and open transitions lying within the Doppler contour are studied. In cells of this type ensemble of atoms is optically pumped over all velocities and the entire volume of the cell during the characteristic time T, which noticeably exceeds local pumping times related to resonant atomic velocities. If the frequency scanning T, the retardation effect results in significant distortion of the laser wave absorption contour and to emergence of the hysteresis phenomenon. The developed theory for a realistic scheme of atomic levels with one cyclic and two open transitions describes experimentally observed absorption contours, their dependence on the light power and the frequency scanning direction.
Experiments on open transitions of the D 1 line of alkali metals (Cs and Rb isotopes) reveal the dual structure of saturated absorption resonance in the signal of a high-intensity optical wave in the presence of a low-intensity counterpropagating wave. Theoretical analysis shows that the observed shape of the resonance is associated with the openness of the atomic transition as well as with the Doppler effect for atoms in a gas. The results are of general physical significance for nonlinear spectroscopy and can also find application in metrology (frequency and time standards on open transitions).
We have studied the effects of optical pumping and near-resonant radiation pressure that compete with the saturation effect on the formation of the line shapes of Doppler-free saturation absorption spectra of alkali atoms. We have measured the reverse of the sign of F g =3 to F e =4 saturated absorption of the rubidium D 2 line and the change in its asymmetry as the optical pumping effect is gradually turned on compared with the saturation effect. The experimentally observed behaviors of optically pumped Lamb dips and crossover resonances in rubidium show good agreement with the calculation using the phenomenological model previously introduced for cesium.
Abstract High-contrast sub-Doppler resonances observed in alkali-metal atomic vapors in the field of counterpropagating bichromatic laser beams are perspective in quantum metrology for designing a miniature optical frequency standard. Until now, these nonlinear resonances have been investigated only experimentally or using numerical calculations. In our opinion, the development of a simplified theoretical model of the observed resonances, which would provide explicit compact analytic expressions describing the line shape of the resonance, would be extremely important for further evolution of the theory. In this study, we perform such theoretical analysis based on the three-level Λ scheme of the atom. We investigate two regimes, viz., the regime of a low-intensity standing wave with close intensities of counterpropagating beams (I1 ≈ I2) and the regime of a probe wave, in which one of the beams has a noticeably lower intensity than that of the oppositely propagating beam (I2 ≪ I1). The resulting analytic expressions make it possible to determine qualitative differences between these regimes and to separate explicitly the contributions from different nonlinear effects to the light field absorption, including the terms responsible for the formation of a high-contrast sub-Doppler peak. The expressions derived here are in qualitative agreement with experimental data obtained earlier.