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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Reversed Peaks of Saturated Absorption Spectra of Atomic Rubidium

Sangkyung Lee, Kanghee Lee, Jaewook Ahn

Published Mar 1, 2009• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have studied the effects of optical pumping and near-resonant radiation pressure that compete with the saturation effect on the formation of the line shapes of Doppler-free saturation absorption spectra of alkali atoms. We have measured the reverse of the sign of F g =3 to F e =4 saturated absorption of the rubidium D 2 line and the change in its asymmetry as the optical pumping effect is gradually turned on compared with the saturation effect. The experimentally observed behaviors of optically pumped Lamb dips and crossover resonances in rubidium show good agreement with the calculation using the phenomenological model previously introduced for cesium.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.48.032301

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We have studied the effects of optical pumping and near-resonant radiation pressure that compete with the saturation effect on the formation of the line shapes of Doppler-free saturation absorption spectra of alkali atoms. We have measured the reverse of the sign of F g =3 to F e =4 saturated absorption of the rubidium D 2 line and the change in its asymmetry as the optical pumping effect is gradually turned on compared with the saturation effect. The experimentally observed behaviors of optically pumped Lamb dips and crossover resonances in rubidium show good agreement with the calculation using the phenomenological model previously introduced for cesium.
Using a three-level model and semiclassical density matrix formalism, we show that optical pumping influences both line positions and amplitudes in Doppler-broadened alkali-atom D1 and D2 spectra for intensities much lower than the two-level atom saturation intensity. The influence on the D2 spectrum is particularly interesting due to the presence of closed hyperfine transitions unaffected by optical pumping. This effect is of importance for example when lasers are frequency stabilized using linear absorption or when the alkali-atom vapour pressure is determined using absorption measurements.
The peculiarities of intra-Doppler structures that are observed in the atomic absorption spectrum of alkali metals with the help of two independent lasers have been studied. These structures accompany ultranarrow coherent resonances of electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption. With the D 2 line of rubidium taken as an example, it is shown that, in the scheme of unidirectional waves, the maximum number of satellite resonances caused by optical pumping selective with respect to the atomic velocity is equal to seven, while only six resonances are observed in the traditional scheme of saturated absorption with counterpropagating waves of the same frequency. The spectral position of the resonances and their polarity depend on the frequency of the saturating radiation, while their number and relative amplitude depend also on the experimental geometry. These features are of general character and should show themselves in the absorption spectrum on the D 2 lines of all alkali metals. An explanation of these features is given. The calculated spectral separations between the resonances are compared to the experimental ones, and their possible application is discussed.
This paper presents a simple analytical theory for the velocity-dependent pump-probe laser spectroscopy of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb and 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb atoms where the pump and the probe beams are circularly or linearly polarized. The analytical solutions of the line shapes of the velocity-selective optical pumping spectroscopy [G. Moon and H. R. Noh, Phys. Rev. A 78, 032506 (2008)] and saturated absorption spectroscopy [G. Moon and H. R. Noh, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 701 (2008); 27, 1741 (2010)] obtained in the previous reports, expressed as a sum of several Lorentzian functions, could be approximated as one (or in some cases, two) Lorentzian function(s). In particular, the contributions of the saturation and optical pumping effects could be discriminated explicitly in these simple analytical solutions, which is not possible in existing theories such as Nakayama's model. The simple analytical results for the saturation spectroscopy were compared with experimental results, and good agreement between them was observed.
The ground electronic state of even such simple atoms as those of alkali elements has the set of sublevels. These sublevels are hyperfine (HF) components and magnetic sublevels. The collisions with particles of nonmagnetic buffer gas or even with walls (when walls have proper coating) do not mix practically the populations of ground state HF sublevels, if the orbital moment of electrons in the ground state is equal to zero. Due to this reason these sublevels may be extremely long lived. Because of this, for instance, the so-called effects of optical orientation and optical pumping are apparent in atoms of alkali metals. The radiation can pump practically all the atoms (with which there is effective interaction) to a single HF component. In a situation in which optical pumping is a minor effect, the monochromatic absorption line consists of separate lines corresponding to intra-atomic transitions. The optical pumping is not significant, for example, if the radiation intensity is so low that now pumping between HF sublevels occurs in the time it takes the atom to traverse the light beam. Under the conditions of optical pumping and when other nonlinear effects are present, the absorption line profile can undergo considerable alteration. Many theoretical and experimental investigations have been done in the laser spectroscopy of resonant transitions of atoms (atoms of alkali metals) under the conditions of optical pumping within ground state HF structure. A characteristic feature of all such investigations is the velocity-selective excitation of absorbing atoms. Also, as a rule, the value of HF splitting is not very big in comparison to Doppler broadening in these experiments. Under such conditions, the absorption spectra consists of Doppler- broadened lines with nonlinear resonances, which emerge when two fields of different frequencies or different propagation directions are employed. When only one monochromatic traveling wave is employed, optical pumping leads to formation of a single smooth absorption line occupying a position between the resonant transitions frequencies associated with HF components. As HF splitting grows, the line profile remains smooth, its width is approximately equal to the size of the HF splitting. The strength of the optical pumping from one ground state HF component to another is greater for greater HF splitting in comparison to the Doppler width. In this regard, Cs and Rb are the most typical of the alkali atoms (the HF splitting exceeds the Doppler width by a factor close to 20). This is the qualitative picture of the absorption line profile (particularly for a monochromatic radiation) under the conditions of optical pumping between the HF sublevels of the electronic ground state, this qualitative picture had formed by now.
Using an external cavity-tuned diode laser in Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy, we are able to resolve the weak-field Zeeman splittings in the hyperfine levels of the rubidium D1 line. The number of lines observed in the Zeeman structure of rubidium and their measured energy-level splittings are as expected from theory. The measured amplitudes of the saturated-absorption signals, crossover resonances, and velocity-selective optical pumping signals are used in the analysis of various theories concerning saturated-absorption spectroscopy.