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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Exceeding 95% system efficiency within the telecom C-band in superconducting nanowire single photon detectors

Dileep V. Reddy, Robert R. Nerem, Adriana E. Lita, Sae Woo Nam, Richard P. Mirin, Varun Boehm Verma

Published May 5, 2019• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a single-photon detector with system detection efficiencies exceeding 95% over the wavelength range 1520–1550 nm, with polarization sensitivities in the range of 1.02-1.08. The wavelength range is tunable over 200 nm via variation of the ton-two dielectric laver thicknesses. © 2019 The Author(s)
DOI
10.23919/cleo.2019.8749531

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We report on superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) based on 30 nm wide nanowires with detection efficiency η ∼ 2.6-5.5% in the wavelength range λ = 0.5-5 μm. We compared the sensitivity of 30 nm wide SNSPDs with the sensitivity of SNSPDs based on wider (85 and 50 nm wide) nanowires for λ = 0.5-5 μm. The detection efficiency of the detectors based on the wider nanowires became negligible at shorter wavelengths than the 30 nm wide SNSPDs. Our 30 nm wide SNSPDs showed 2 orders of magnitude higher detection efficiency (η ∼ 2%) up to longer wavelength (λ = 5 μm) than previously reported. On the basis of our simulations, we expect that by changing the optical coupling scheme and by integrating the detectors in an optical cavity, the detection efficiency of our detectors could be increased by a factor of ∼6.
Implementations of quantum information require single-photon detectors (SPDs) with high detection efficiency (DE) at a wavelength of 940 nm, which is a challenge for the available semiconducting SPDs. Superconducting nanowire SPDs (SNSPDs) are capable of detecting visible and near-infrared single photons with high DE. However, these detection capabilities place stringent design requirements on the cavity and nanowire geometry structures. We design, fabricate, and measure SNSPDs with high DE optimized for the 940-nm wavelength. The NbN SNSPDs were fabricated on 1-D photonic crystals for high optical absorptance. By tuning the filling factor of the nanowire through numerical simulations and experiments, we were able to obtain an SNSPD (7 nm thick, 125 nm width, and 0.57 filling factor, as well as active area of18∗18 μm18\ast 18\ \mu\text{m}18∗18 μm) with a saturated system DE of 83.6$\pm3.73.7%, at a dark count rate of 10 Hz, and a low polarization dependence of 1.173.7\pm$0.02. To our best knowledge, this is the highest value reported for NbN SNSPDs at 940-nm wavelength. The availability of an SNSPD with high system DE at 940 nm may have a profound impact in the field of photonic quantum technologies, such as multiphoton entanglement.