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AIP Advances

Spin polarization of 87Rb atoms with Xe gas and high-pressure buffer gas in a cubic cell

Hoon Yu, Jai Seung Yoo

Published Mar 1, 2019• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We simulated the optical pumping rate of 87Rb atoms with Xe and high-pressure buffer gas in a cubic cell. We calculated absorption cross-section as a function of pumping laser frequency by considering a pressure and Doppler broadening as gas temperature varies from 364 K to 414 K. In a steady state the spin polarization and the atomic population of 87Rb atoms were obtained by optical pumping in each ground state. We calculated the optimum beam waist, linewidth and detuning of pumping beam to achieve higher population of polarized atoms at cell parameters such as temperature, size. We simulated that the optimum beam waist is 0.3 times of cubic cell length at 250 Torr of di-nitrogen and 50 Torr of Xe gas pressure. The optimum laser beam linewidth parabolically increases with increasing the temperature in range of few ten kelvin and it exponentially decrease with increasing the cubic cell length. We also observed that few ten GHz detuned laser frequency increases the optical pumping rate. These numerical results show appropriate experimental parameter as a function of cell temperature and size to get maximum population of spin polarized atoms in given temperature range.

DOI
10.1063/1.5080704

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Physical Review A•Sep 1, 1998•48 citations
We simulated the optical pumping rate of 87Rb atoms with Xe and high-pressure buffer gas in a cubic cell. We calculated absorption cross-section as a function of pumping laser frequency by considering a pressure and Doppler broadening as gas temperature varies from 364 K to 414 K. In a steady state the spin polarization and the atomic population of 87Rb atoms were obtained by optical pumping in each ground state. We calculated the optimum beam waist, linewidth and detuning of pumping beam to achieve higher population of polarized atoms at cell parameters such as temperature, size. We simulated that the optimum beam waist is 0.3 times of cubic cell length at 250 Torr of di-nitrogen and 50 Torr of Xe gas pressure. The optimum laser beam linewidth parabolically increases with increasing the temperature in range of few ten kelvin and it exponentially decrease with increasing the cubic cell length. We also observed that few ten GHz detuned laser frequency increases the optical pumping rate. These numerical results show appropriate experimental parameter as a function of cell temperature and size to get maximum population of spin polarized atoms in given temperature range.
Abstract We demonstrate both numerically and experimentally the important role of buffer gas in achieving optical isolator based on efficient hyperfine-structure optical pumping of Rubidium (87Rb) atoms in miniaturized vapor cells. It is observed that the increase in the buffer gas pressure allows achieving highly efficient optical pumping. Specifically, at a buffer gas pressure of 40 Torr, it is possible to pump about 85% of the atoms out of the pumped state into the other ground state. While optical pumping has been reported for conventional centimeter-scale cells, we show that in miniaturized cells the role of buffer gas is crucial, as the higher collision rate with the walls diminishes the effect of optical pumping, posing a stringent limitation on the applicability of optical pumping in miniaturized systems. Following the results reported herein, we demonstrate an optical isolator with isolation ratio better than 20 dB at a relatively low temperature of about 80 °C, and with a low magnetic field (∼800 Gauss). The obtained results provide another step forward in the quest for miniaturizing quantum devices. The demonstrated device shows that such miniaturized vapor cells can be considered for applications such as all-optical switching, optical quantum memory, frequency references, and magnetometry to name a few.
In order to polarize 87Rb vapor effectively with ultranarrow linewidth diode laser, we studied the polarization as a function of some parameters including buffer gas pressure and laser power. Moreover, we also discussed the methods which split or modulate the diode laser frequency so as to pump the two ground hyperfine levels efficiently. We obtained some useful results through numerical simulation. If the buffer gas pressure is so high that the hyperfine structure is unresolved, the polarization is insensitive to laser frequency at peak absorption point so frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods do not show improvement. At low pressure and laser power large enough, where the hyperfine structure is clearly resolved, frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods can increase polarization effectively. For laser diodes, frequency modulation is easily realized with current modulation, so this method is attractive since it does not add any other components in the pumping laser system.
We have studied the optical pumping of mixtures of Rb vapor and N2{\mathrm{N}}_{2}N2​ buffer gas by laser light tuned to the D1{D}_{1}D1​ transition having a spectral width of  500~500 500 MHz. The Rb densities are of the order of 1013{10}^{13}1013 cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, while the buffer-gas pressures range from 0.1 to 10 torr. As the frequency of the right-hand circularly polarized laser is varied across the D1{D}_{1}D1​ absorption profile, the electron spin polarization of the Rb is found to take on negative values for small negative values of pump detuning from the absorption profile center. This occurs for N2{\mathrm{N}}_{2}N2​ pressures below  1~1 1 torr; at 10 torr the electron spins consistently point in the same direction as the angular momentum of the pump light. The spin-reversal effect can be understood in terms of populations of the F=2F=2F=2 (85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb) and F=1F=1F=1 (87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb) states caused by small unpolarized fractions in the pump beam and its elimination in terms of pressure broadening caused by the N2{\mathrm{N}}_{2}N2​ buffer gas. We speculate that this effect could be used for fast Rb spin modulation.
The spin polarization of 87Rb and 129Xe atomic ensemble has great impact on the signal intensity of a nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope. The coupled spin polarization modelling process for 87Rb and 129Xe atoms ensemble is presented in detail. Three dimensional spatial distribution of the spin polarization field is obtained by numerical solution and is in good agreement with the experiment results. Influencing factors including temperature, power and detuned frequency of the pumping laser, average collision times of anti-relaxation coatings and partial pressure of gas composition are investigated. The work presents an indirect method to estimate the average collision times given the Xe polarization with different temperatures. It is found the average collision times of the 129Xe atoms with the inner surface of a bare glass cell of 3×3×3mm3 can reach up to about 2.7×105 times. It is also found that the pumping frequency corresponding to the maximum polarization of the Xe atoms polarized by spin exchange of Rb atoms is not consistent with the D1 line of the 87Rb atom when the temperature of the cell is above a certain temperature, but is detuned at a certain frequency. Quantitative analysis of the effect of anti-relaxation coatings on the spin polarization suggests that the appropriate average number of collisions of the Rb atoms with the inner surface of the cell is about 1500 times.
Coherent population trapping (CPT) on 87 Rb atoms in neon atmosphere has been studied in small-size glass absorption cells under conditions of pumping with narrow-band laser radiation at the D 2 line of the main doublet. Parameters of the absorption signal have been measured in 3-mm-diameter cells at buffer gas (Ne) pressures varied within 200–400 Torr, cell temperatures within 65–120°C, and pumping radiation power densities within 30–400 μW/cm 2 . Optimum values of the buffer gas pressures, cell temperature, and pumping power are determined at which the short-term instability of the resonance line is at minimum. Orientational shifts of the CPT resonance signal in gas-filled cells and small-size cells with antirelaxation coating have been compared.
We present a detailed experimental analysis of Rb-polarization imaging in high-pressure gas cells. The Rb vapor in these cells is optically pumped by high-power diode-laser arrays. We present images for high (35 G) and low (4 G) magnetic fields and for different He and Xe buffer-gas mixtures. We demonstrate that high-field imaging provides an absolute measurement of the Rb-polarization distribution in the cell, based on the fact that a spin-temperature distribution of the hyperfine magnetic sublevels is established in high-pressure buffer gases. A survey of various mechanisms that broaden the Rb magnetic-resonance lines is presented. These broadening mechanisms determine the limits of the spatial resolution achievable for images of the Rb-polarization distribution.