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AIP Advances

Spin polarization of 87Rb atoms with ultranarrow linewidth diode laser: Numerical simulation

Z. G. Wang, Q. Y. Jiang, Xiang Zhan, Y. D. Chen, Hui Luo

Published Aug 1, 2016• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In order to polarize 87Rb vapor effectively with ultranarrow linewidth diode laser, we studied the polarization as a function of some parameters including buffer gas pressure and laser power. Moreover, we also discussed the methods which split or modulate the diode laser frequency so as to pump the two ground hyperfine levels efficiently. We obtained some useful results through numerical simulation. If the buffer gas pressure is so high that the hyperfine structure is unresolved, the polarization is insensitive to laser frequency at peak absorption point so frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods do not show improvement. At low pressure and laser power large enough, where the hyperfine structure is clearly resolved, frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods can increase polarization effectively. For laser diodes, frequency modulation is easily realized with current modulation, so this method is attractive since it does not add any other components in the pumping laser system.

DOI
10.1063/1.4961375

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In order to polarize 87Rb vapor effectively with ultranarrow linewidth diode laser, we studied the polarization as a function of some parameters including buffer gas pressure and laser power. Moreover, we also discussed the methods which split or modulate the diode laser frequency so as to pump the two ground hyperfine levels efficiently. We obtained some useful results through numerical simulation. If the buffer gas pressure is so high that the hyperfine structure is unresolved, the polarization is insensitive to laser frequency at peak absorption point so frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods do not show improvement. At low pressure and laser power large enough, where the hyperfine structure is clearly resolved, frequency splitting and frequency modulation methods can increase polarization effectively. For laser diodes, frequency modulation is easily realized with current modulation, so this method is attractive since it does not add any other components in the pumping laser system.
We simulated the optical pumping rate of 87Rb atoms with Xe and high-pressure buffer gas in a cubic cell. We calculated absorption cross-section as a function of pumping laser frequency by considering a pressure and Doppler broadening as gas temperature varies from 364 K to 414 K. In a steady state the spin polarization and the atomic population of 87Rb atoms were obtained by optical pumping in each ground state. We calculated the optimum beam waist, linewidth and detuning of pumping beam to achieve higher population of polarized atoms at cell parameters such as temperature, size. We simulated that the optimum beam waist is 0.3 times of cubic cell length at 250 Torr of di-nitrogen and 50 Torr of Xe gas pressure. The optimum laser beam linewidth parabolically increases with increasing the temperature in range of few ten kelvin and it exponentially decrease with increasing the cubic cell length. We also observed that few ten GHz detuned laser frequency increases the optical pumping rate. These numerical results show appropriate experimental parameter as a function of cell temperature and size to get maximum population of spin polarized atoms in given temperature range.
Zeeman split takes place for the hyperfine level structure of neutral atoms where magnetic field exists. In addition, being excited by right circularly polarized light and left circularly polarized light, atoms obey different transition rules. So, the absorption peak between the hyperfine Zeeman level shifts with respect to the absorption peak without magnetic field. Accordingly, the authors demonstrated a kind of simple and flexible method to stabilize the frequency of diode laser. The linewidth of diode laser was reduced to less than 1 MHz using this method. Through analyzing the experiment results, the authors found that when the sum of both shifts of the hyperfine level of atoms excited by right circularly polarized light and left circularly polarized light was equal to the FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) of the saturated absorption peak, the laser frequency was stabilized best.
The use of high-power ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$Alx{\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}Alx​As diode laser arrays for optical pumping of Rb vapor has been examined both theoretically and experimentally. Our studies show that large atomic polarizations can be obtained using the broad spectral output of a diode laser array if the Rb resonance line is collisionally broadened by several atmospheres of a buffer gas. The objective was to study the effectiveness of diode laser arrays as light sources for optically pumped spin-exchange polarized 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He targets. The average Rb polarization was deduced at three different Rb vapor pressures using the polarization induced in the 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He buffer gas. The largest 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He polarization observed was 53% using a 20-W diode array with 1.9-nm full width at half maximum spectral width in 10.5 amagat of 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He. This result compares favorably with other light sources for this target. The measured average Rb polarizations are compared to theoretical calculations.
The linewidth and frequency associated with the ground state hyperfine energy fo Rb 87 has been studied. A stable single mode semiconductor laser is used to optically pump Rb, in order to obtain a highly collimated, monochromatic light source. The laser is stabilized by locking its optical frequency to the Rb absorption line center. The dependence of the hyperfine frequency and resonance linewidth have been measured as a function of temperature, light intensity and microwave power; and a theoretical description of the linewidth vs. temperature data is presented. Keywords: Optical pumping; Rubidium; Frequency standard; Frequency shift; Light shift; Density matrix; Buffer gas; Linewidth; and Magnetic resonance.
We propose and implement two ultranarrow-bandwidth optical filters with different principles based on laser-cooled87Rb atoms. Using the cold atomic cloud trapped in magneto-optical trap (MOT) to replace the vapor cell of traditional Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF), the effect of Doppler broadening on the transmitted bandwidth of FADOF will be effectively suppressed to the order of natural linewidth. Thus, an ultranarrow-bandwidth FADOF with a bandwidth of 2.7(2) MHz and a peak transmission of 3.2% is realized. It is the narrowest bandwidth FADOF known at present. Moreover, a transmission-enhancing method based on optical pumping is proposed. The two circularly polarized components of a linearly polarized probe laser have a large refractive index difference (induced dichroism), when it goes through the unidirectional population of atoms. Thus, forming a large rotation angle with high transmission. The two schemes can be extended to almost all kinds of atomic optical filters and may find applications in active optical frequency standard and self-stabilizing laser.
Abstract We demonstrate both numerically and experimentally the important role of buffer gas in achieving optical isolator based on efficient hyperfine-structure optical pumping of Rubidium (87Rb) atoms in miniaturized vapor cells. It is observed that the increase in the buffer gas pressure allows achieving highly efficient optical pumping. Specifically, at a buffer gas pressure of 40 Torr, it is possible to pump about 85% of the atoms out of the pumped state into the other ground state. While optical pumping has been reported for conventional centimeter-scale cells, we show that in miniaturized cells the role of buffer gas is crucial, as the higher collision rate with the walls diminishes the effect of optical pumping, posing a stringent limitation on the applicability of optical pumping in miniaturized systems. Following the results reported herein, we demonstrate an optical isolator with isolation ratio better than 20 dB at a relatively low temperature of about 80 °C, and with a low magnetic field (∼800 Gauss). The obtained results provide another step forward in the quest for miniaturizing quantum devices. The demonstrated device shows that such miniaturized vapor cells can be considered for applications such as all-optical switching, optical quantum memory, frequency references, and magnetometry to name a few.