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Technical digest - International Electron Devices Meeting/Technical digest

Scalable quantum computing with ion-implanted dopant atoms in silicon

Andrea Morello, G. Tosi, Fahd A. Mohiyaddin, Vivien Schmitt, Vincent Mourik, Tim Botzem, Arne Laucht, Jarryd J. Pla, Stefanie Tenberg, Rostyslav Savytskyy, Mateusz Tomasz Mądzik, Fay E. Hudson, Andrew S. Dzurak, Kohei M. Itoh, Alexander Jakob, Brett C. Johnson, Jeffrey Colin McCallum, David N. Jamieson

Published Dec 1, 2018• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a scalable strategy to manufacture quantum computer devices, by encoding quantum information in the combined electron-nuclear spin state of individual ion-implanted phosphorus dopant atoms in silicon. Our strategy allows a typical pitch between quantum bits of order 200 nm, and retains compatibility with the standard fabrication processes adopted in classical CMOS nanoelectronic devices. We theoretically predict fast and high-fidelity quantum logic operations, and present preliminary experimental progress towards the realization of a “flip-flop” qubit system.

DOI
10.1109/iedm.2018.8614498

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We present a scalable strategy to manufacture quantum computer devices, by encoding quantum information in the combined electron-nuclear spin state of individual ion-implanted phosphorus dopant atoms in silicon. Our strategy allows a typical pitch between quantum bits of order 200 nm, and retains compatibility with the standard fabrication processes adopted in classical CMOS nanoelectronic devices. We theoretically predict fast and high-fidelity quantum logic operations, and present preliminary experimental progress towards the realization of a “flip-flop” qubit system.
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Presents recent results on two different approaches to realize a solid-state quantum computer based in silicon, using phosphorus atoms as qubits. In the first approach the device is built from the 'bottomup' using a combination of atomic lithography with a scanning tunneling microscope and high quality silicon epitaxial growth using molecular beam epitaxy. In the second approach ion implantation is used to implant the phosphorus atoms from the 'top-down'. In both cases surface control electrodes are fabricated by conventional electron beam lithography. Techniques for qubit read-out utilising coincidence measurements on twin single electron transistors are also presented.
The construction of micro- and nano-scale electronic devices that exploit the properties of single atoms have been proposed. A very promising device is a silicon based solid state quantum computer based on an array of single 31P atoms as qubits in a pure 28Si substrate. Operation of the device requires independent control, coupling and readout of the state of individual qubits. We have developed a construction strategy for a few qubit device based on ion implantation of the qubits into prefabricated cells. An ion energy of less than 20 keV is necessary to ensure the ion range is at the required depth in the substrate which is of the order of 20 nm. Single ion impacts are registered by the electrical transient induced in an external circuit. Electron Beam Lithography fabricated cells, containing electrodes of the required nanometre scale, have been implanted with 14 keV 31P ions and the pulse height spectrum of single ion impacts has been successfully recorded. Discrimination on the pulse height allows rejection of ions that suffer unacceptable straggling. This opens the way to the rapid construction of a two qubit device in the first instance that will test many of the essential mechanisms of a revolutionary solid state quantum computer.
Practical quantum computers require a large network of highly coherent qubits, interconnected in a design robust against errors. Donor spins in silicon provide state-of-the-art coherence and quantum gate fidelities, in a platform adapted from industrial semiconductor processing. Here we present a scalable design for a silicon quantum processor that does not require precise donor placement and leaves ample space for the routing of interconnects and readout devices. We introduce the flip-flop qubit, a combination of the electron-nuclear spin states of a phosphorus donor that can be controlled by microwave electric fields. Two-qubit gates exploit a second-order electric dipole-dipole interaction, allowing selective coupling beyond the nearest-neighbor, at separations of hundreds of nanometers, while microwave resonators can extend the entanglement to macroscopic distances. We predict gate fidelities within fault-tolerance thresholds using realistic noise models. This design provides a realizable blueprint for scalable spin-based quantum computers in silicon.Quantum computers will require a large network of coherent qubits, connected in a noise-resilient way. Tosi et al. present a design for a quantum processor based on electron-nuclear spins in silicon, with electrical control and coupling schemes that simplify qubit fabrication and operation.
The construction of micro- and nano-scale electronic devices that exploit the properties of single atoms have been proposed. A very promising device is a silicon based solid state quantum computer based on an array of single 31P atoms as qubits in a pure 28Si substrate. Operation of the device requires independent control, coupling and readout of the state of individual qubits. We have developed a construction strategy for a few qubit device based on ion implantation of the qubits into prefabricated cells. An ion energy of less than 20 keV is necessary to ensure the ion range is at the required depth in the substrate which is of the order of 20 nm. Single ion impacts are registered by the electrical transient induced in an external circuit. Electron Beam Lithography fabricated cells, containing electrodes of the required nanometre scale, have been implanted with 14 keV 31P ions and the pulse height spectrum of single ion impacts has been successfully recorded. Discrimination on the pulse height allows rejection of ions that suffer unacceptable straggling. This opens the way to the rapid construction of a two qubit device in the first instance that will test many of the essential mechanisms of a revolutionary solid state quantum computer.
The spins of atoms and atom-like systems are among the most coherent objects in which to store quantum information. However, the need to address them using oscillating magnetic fields hinders their integration with quantum electronic devices. Here, we circumvent this hurdle by operating a single-atom "flip-flop" qubit in silicon, where quantum information is encoded in the electron-nuclear states of a phosphorus donor. The qubit is controlled using local electric fields at microwave frequencies, produced within a metal-oxide-semiconductor device. The electrical drive is mediated by the modulation of the electron-nuclear hyperfine coupling, a method that can be extended to many other atomic and molecular systems and to the hyperpolarization of nuclear spin ensembles. These results pave the way to the construction of solid-state quantum processors where dense arrays of atoms can be controlled using only local electric fields.