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Nature Photonics

Controlling the polarization and vortex charge of attosecond high-harmonic beams via simultaneous spin–orbit momentum conservation

Kevin M. Dorney, Laura Rego, Nathan J. Brooks, Julio San Román, Chen-Ting Liao, Jennifer L. Ellis, Dmitriy H. Zusin, Christian Gentry, Quynh L. Nguyen, Justin M. Shaw, Antonio Picón, Luis Plaja, Henry C. Kapteyn, Margaret M. Murnane, Carlos Hernández-García

Published Nov 30, 2018• 193 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/s41566-018-0304-3

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Experiments with vortex beams have shown a surge of interest in controlling cold atoms. Most of the controlling protocols are dominated by circularly polarized light due to its ability to induce vector polarization at atoms, which is impossible for paraxial linearly polarized light. Here we develop a theory for frequency dependent polarizability of an atomic state interacting with a focused linearly polarized vortex beam. The naturally induced spin-orbit coupling in this type of linearly polarized beam produces vector component of the valence polarizability to an atomic state, obeying the total angular-momentum conservation of the beam. The theory is employed on 87Sr+^{87}\mathrm{Sr}^{+}87Sr+ to accurately calculate the magic wavelengths for the clock transitions and tune-out wavelengths for the clock states using the relativistic coupled-cluster method. The induced vector component in the dynamic polarizability due to the linearly polarized focused vortex beam promotes a fictitious magnetic field to the atomic state. We demonstrate that this fictitious magnetic field, depending on the focusing angle and orbital angular momentum of the beam, improves the flexibility of the coherent heteronuclear spin oscillations in a spin-1 mixture of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb and 23Na^{23}\mathrm{Na}23Na atoms.
We investigate the multiphoton pair production in circularly polarized field via two level model. There appears obvious discrete ring structures in the momentum distribution of the created particles, in which the ring radius is mainly controlled by the number of the photons absorbed in the creation with the energy conservation and could also be modulated by the spin of the created pair. These multiphoton rings become narrower when both of the pair particles' spin are aligned with the direction of the field rotation, and become broader if both spin are antiparallel to that direction. This spin-modulation can be simply understood with the angular momentum conservation, as less orbital angular momentum from the absorbed photons would be transferred to the created particles if their spins are aligned with the field rotation. The orbital angular momentum of the created particles is manifested as the vortex structure in the phase of the momentum distribution, and valued as the topological charge of this phase vortex. We also study the spin entanglement between the created particles, and reveal that the entanglement becomes stronger with the increase of the particles' transverse momentum, and gets sharp peak in the transition between different multiphoton rings, where the topological charge of the phase vortex is changed.