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General quantum broadcast and multi-cast communications based on entanglement

Yan Yu, Nan Zhao

Published Oct 25, 2018• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Broadcast and multi-cast communications are two important applications in quantum information science. Such applications guarantee the implementation of quantum information theory. In this paper, we propose two general schemes for the quantum broadcast and multi-cast communications to ensure that the central party (sender) can broadcast arbitrary single-qubit state to multiple receivers synchronously. Moreover, it is guaranteed that the information among the multiple receivers is different to satisfy the requirement in multi-cast communications. In particular, the proposed schemes indicate the probabilities, of which the multiple receivers obtain the quantum states successfully, could reach 1. We expect this works will shed some light for the prospective research on multi-party quantum communications and quantum cryptography.

DOI
10.1364/oe.26.029296

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Broadcast and multi-cast communications are two important applications in quantum information science. Such applications guarantee the implementation of quantum information theory. In this paper, we propose two general schemes for the quantum broadcast and multi-cast communications to ensure that the central party (sender) can broadcast arbitrary single-qubit state to multiple receivers synchronously. Moreover, it is guaranteed that the information among the multiple receivers is different to satisfy the requirement in multi-cast communications. In particular, the proposed schemes indicate the probabilities, of which the multiple receivers obtain the quantum states successfully, could reach 1. We expect this works will shed some light for the prospective research on multi-party quantum communications and quantum cryptography.
In the study of quantum information transmission based on entanglement, the decoherence induced by surrounding environment has always been one of major factors affecting the effect of quantum state transfer. Therefore, the research on information transmission in partially entangled channels of quantum network is of academic value and general application. Meanwhile, as multi-participating information transmission modes, broadcast and multicast communications are two important applications in quantum information transmission and quantum computation. In this paper, we propose the quantum broadcast and multicast schemes based on partially entangled states. The schemes allow the different recipients to obtain the arbitrary single-qubit states synchronously. We verify the feasibility of the schemes and obtain the success probability of information transmission under the partially entangled channels.
Quantum entanglement assisted with measurements provides various pathways to communicate information to parties within a network. In this work, we generalize a previous broadcasting protocol and present schemes to broadcast product and multipartite entangled quantum states, where in the latter case the sender can remotely add phase gates or abort distributing the states. We first focus on the broadcasting of product quantum states in a network, and generalize the basic protocol to include an arbitrary basis rotation and allow for multiple receivers and senders. We show how to add and delete senders from the network. The generalization also includes the case where a phase to be applied to the broadcast states is not known in advance but is provided to a sender encoded in another quantum state. Applications of broadcasting product states include authentication and three-state quantum cryptography. In the second part, we study the distribution of a single multiqubit state shared among several receivers entangled with multiqubit phase gates, which includes the graph states as an example. We show that by coordinating with the sender, the receivers can assist in performing remote, distributed measurement-based quantum computation with the Pauli-XXX basis measurement alone. As another application of this, we discuss the distribution of the multiqubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state.
Broadcast encryption allows the sender to securely distribute his/her secret to a dynamically changing group of users over a broadcast channel. In this paper, we just take account of a simple broadcast communication task in quantum scenario, in which the central party broadcasts his secret to multi-receiver via quantum channel. We present three quantum broadcast communication schemes. The first scheme utilizes entanglement swapping and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state to fulfil a task that the central party broadcasts the secret to a group of receivers who share a group key with him. In the second scheme, based on dense coding, the central party broadcasts the secret to multi-receiver, each of which shares an authentication key with him. The third scheme is a quantum broadcast communication scheme with quantum encryption, in which the central party can broadcast the secret to any subset of the legal receivers.
Due to the unavoidable interaction between the quantum channel and its ambient environment, it is difficult to generate and maintain the maximally entanglement. Thus, the research on multiparty information transmission via non-maximally entangled channels is of academic value and general application. Here, we utilize the non-maximally entangled channels to implement two multiparty remote state preparation schemes for transmitting different quantum information from one sender to two receivers synchronously. The first scheme is adopted to transmit two different four-qubit cluster-type entangled states to two receivers with a certain probability. In order to improve success probabilities of such multicast remote state preparation using non-maximally entangled channels, we put forward the second scheme, which deals with the situation that is a synchronous transfer of an arbitrary single-qubit state and an arbitrary two-qubit state from one sender to two receivers. In particular, its success probability can reach 100% in principle, and independent of the entanglement degree of the shared non-maximally entangled channel. Notably, in the second scheme, the auxiliary particle is not required.
Broadcast and multicast protocols are two branches of multi-party quantum communication. Implementing these protocols based on partial entanglement is of great practical importance since maximally entangled channels are not robust due to noise applied by the surrounding environment. Previous research has used global operators (i.e. operators which are applied on the qubits owned by different parties), which contradicts the concept of multi-party communication protocols. In this research, broadcast protocol and multicast protocol with two receivers are proposed using partially entangled channels. Then the protocols are extended to the case with an arbitrary number of receivers. In the proposed protocol, Alice shares a two-qubit maximally entangled state with each receiver, therefore the whole channel is a partially entangled state. Then, the proposed protocol is modified to be secure against eavesdroppers. Also, the effects of phase damping, bit flip, and phase damping noise on the broadcast protocol are examined and compared.
Abstract Quantum broadcast is a method for distributing known quantum information to multiple recipients at once. Although the no-cloning theorem prohibits copying unknown quantum states, it is still possible to transmit the same known state to different destinations. This research introduces two new approaches. The first approach allows a sender to broadcast a single qubit to n receivers using a specialized entangled state known as a 2 n -qubit cluster state. The paper illustrates this method with a detailed example for four receivers ( n = 4 ) and demonstrates its validity through implementation on the Qiskit platform. The second protocol, builds upon the first protocol and allows for broadcasting a particular class of n-qubit state to n receivers. The effects of different quantum noise types on the protocol are investigated, with the fidelity metric used to quantify the quality of broadcasted states over a noisy quantum channel. These new protocols offer more efficient ways to share quantum information, potentially paving the way for improved quantum communication networks and internet.