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Optics Express

Acousto-optic modulation detection method in an all-optical K-Rb hybrid atomic magnetometer using uniform design method

Han Yao, Yang Li, Danyue Ma, Jiashu Cai, Junpeng Zhao, Ming Ding

Published Oct 19, 2018• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

was achieved by employing the uniform design (UD) [Acta Math Appl Sin.3, 363 (1980)] and subsequently optimizing the AOM modulation conditions. Results were compared to those of Faraday and the balanced polarimetry method in the same magnetometer. The AOM detection method has several advantages, such as small volume, no extra magnetic shielding for the modulator, high measurement signal-to-noise ratio and stability. It has a good prospect for compact and multi-channel atomic magnetometers.

DOI
10.1364/oe.26.028682

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was achieved by employing the uniform design (UD) [Acta Math Appl Sin.3, 363 (1980)] and subsequently optimizing the AOM modulation conditions. Results were compared to those of Faraday and the balanced polarimetry method in the same magnetometer. The AOM detection method has several advantages, such as small volume, no extra magnetic shielding for the modulator, high measurement signal-to-noise ratio and stability. It has a good prospect for compact and multi-channel atomic magnetometers.
Abstract We present an ultrahigh-sensitivity electro-optic modulator (EOM) detection method for detecting the atomic Larmor precession in an all-optical K–Rb hybrid atomic magnetometer operating in the spin-exchange relaxation-free regime. A magnetic field sensitivity of ~10 f T Hz −1/2 has been achieved by optimizing the probe laser parameters and the EOM modulation conditions, which is comparable to that with the Faraday modulation method and has a better performance than the balanced polarimetry method in the low frequency range. The EOM detection method in the atomic magnetometer presents several advantages, such as simple structure, no extra magnetic noise, moderate thermal effect, high measurement sensitivity and reliable stability. It is demonstrated to be feasible for the improved compactness and simplicity of atomic magnetic field measurement devices in the future.
An electro-optic modulator (EOM) detection method is demonstrated to detect the optical atomic precession in the Spin-Exchange Relaxation Free (SERF) atomic magnetometer, which achieved a sensitivity of ~30 fT/Hz1/2 at the calibration frequency of 30Hz. The SERF atomic magnetometer based on EOM presents several advantages, such as simple structure, no magnetic shielding, moderate thermal effect and high measurement accuracy. It is demonstrated to be feasible for the compactness and simplicity of atomic magnetic field measurement devices in the future.
Traditional practice of suppressing low-frequency noise in atomic magnetometers is mainly through the application of magnetic field modulation, while magnetic fields of this kind introduce extra transverse relaxation, which results in a decrease of sensitivity. In this study, a novel method of measuring relaxation rate induced by spin-destruction, wall collisions and modulation magnetic fields is proposed. The optical pumping model is studied both in optical-thin and optical-thick vapor cell through the analysis of total relaxation, thus the optical pumping rate can be separated from total relaxation by analyzing the optical depth. Furthermore, based on the analysis of optical pumping rate and relaxation rate, the polarization of the electron ensemble was evaluated. A compact magnetometer with single-beam configuration is developed for the proof of concept, and the experimental results show good agreements with theoretical calculation. Our method provides a simple and feasible approach to in-situ measurement of transverse relaxation rate and optical pumping rate with physical structure of the device untouched, which is especially advantageous for designing and optimizing compact atomic magnetometers.
We report on detailed experimental setup and the results of an enhanced acousto-optics modulator (AOM) setup for observation of a dark state magnetometer. A Λ-type dark state based on D1 line of 87Rb:F=2→F′=1 Zeeman sub-levels with neon (Ne) buffer gas was created using a single laser and a scanning acousto-optics modulator. The technical challenges in using this method and how to overcome these difficulties are discussed, and we report on the observation of a dark state resonance with linewidth of 168 Hz and a detectable magnetic field of 9 nT. This method offers many advantages, including the creation of mutually coherent beams outside an external cavity diode laser (ECDL), where the beams are equally affected by external perturbations to the ECDL. Only factors related to the AOM dictates the difference between the two beams.
Atomic magnetometers with magnetic field modulation have emerged as pivotal sensors for biomagnetic measurements. However, challenges such as crosstalk between adjacent modulation fields and the complexity of signal circuitry become increasingly serious in the development of array-based equipment with the magnetometers, especially in the miniaturized atomic magnetometer. This paper proposes an all-optical, fully integrated fiber-coupled atomic magnetometer that employs pump beam modulation. A miniaturized atomic magnetometer with a volume of 10 cm³ has been designed, incorporating an active measurement area of 3 × 3 × 3 mm3. The magnetometer operates in the spinexchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime with an 87Rb vapor cell. An amplitude-modulated pump beam directly modulates the rubidium atomic ensembles, rather than the magnetic field modulation. The optical rotation angle is detected by an unmodulated probe beam oriented orthogonally to the pump beam. In light of the discontinuous pumping characteristics, we developed a modified theoretical model to clarify the output response of the proposed atomic magnetometer. The experimental results demonstrate that the new design achieves the same sensitivity as conventional magnetometer configurations with a smaller volume and without crosstalk of the magnetic field. This research highlights the significant potential for advancing the development of highly sensitive, miniaturized atomic magnetometers, making them particularly suitable for applications in magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
In the optically pumped magnetometer,the signal to noise ratio is very low when use the method of detecting Zeeman energy level transition directly.However,the detected signal to noise ratio can be greatly improved by using the technique of magnetic resonances optical detection which can transform the microwave quantum detection to the photon detection,because the energy of photon is much greater than that of microwave quantum.The method of magnetic resonances optical detection in the OPM(Optically Pumped Magnetometer) has been studied,the principles and experimental devices are discussed which includes the method of detection of cells transparency,detection of orthogonal beams,spin exchange collision and the method of pump beam modulation.The characteristics of these methods are analyzed and compared,the application and complexity are considered,and all these will provide the basis for the design of the optically pumped magnetometer.