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Applied Optics

Pump–probe measurement of metastable state lifetime reduced by cooperative upconversion in a high-concentration erbium-doped fiber

K. Kuroda, Mami Nakandakari, Yuzo Yoshikuni

Published Oct 11, 2018• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report measurements of the metastable state lifetime in a high-concentration erbium-doped fiber. We use a single-wavelength pump-probe technique that allows us to measure the average lifetime over the entire fiber length. A reduction in the lifetime of approximately 20% caused by a cooperative upconversion effect is clearly observed when the input power is increased up to 10 mW. The input power dependence of the lifetime is analyzed using a simple model. The cooperative upconversion coefficient is determined based on this analysis.

DOI
10.1364/ao.57.008819

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The gain degradation of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) with high erbium ion (Er/sup 3+/) concentration at 1.48- and 0.98- mu m pump wavelengths is modeled by introducing inhomogeneous cooperative up-conversion (IhCU). General formulas describing the gain degradation as a function of IhCU rate are obtained by solving rate equations for population probabilities in the relevant Er/sup 3+/ energy levels. The experimental results, such as low gain for high Er/sup 3+/ concentration, and higher saturated gain with counterpropagation than with copropagation pumping, which have not yet been explained theoretically, are qualitatively explained by this model. Good agreement between the measured and calculated gain is obtained. The gain degradation characteristics at 1.48- and 0.98- mu m pump wavelengths are analyzed with this model. The advantage of counterpropagation pumping is determined qualitatively. The noise figure degradation is also evaluated.>

Journal of Lightwave Technology•Dec 1, 1992•41 citations
We report measurements of the metastable state lifetime in a high-concentration erbium-doped fiber. We use a single-wavelength pump-probe technique that allows us to measure the average lifetime over the entire fiber length. A reduction in the lifetime of approximately 20% caused by a cooperative upconversion effect is clearly observed when the input power is increased up to 10 mW. The input power dependence of the lifetime is analyzed using a simple model. The cooperative upconversion coefficient is determined based on this analysis.
Abstract We report the measurement of the metastable-state lifetime of erbium ions doped in a fiber. We apply the pump–probe technique with a wavelength-tunable laser array. This technique allows us to measure the lifetime through delayed absorption in the fiber propagation directions. By tuning the wavelength of the pump–probe pulse pairs to a low absorption wavelength, the lifetime of the metastable state is successfully measured in a 5-m-long fiber. The lifetime is determined to be 10.0 ms, which agrees well with previously reported values.
The effect of homogeneous upconversion on the performance of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is analyzed numerically, by means of a set of rate equations model. In particular, the influence of pump power, signal power, and Er/sup 3+/ concentration on the degradation, due to upconversion, is examined. Forward pumping is considered and amplified spontaneous emission, as well as scattering loss are taken into account. In addition, approximate analytical solutions, for the rate equations, which include the effect of the cooperative upconversion, are presented. It is shown that under the considered conditions, these analytical solutions provide a good approximation to the exact numerical solution and thus may be used for the design of such amplifiers.
Erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA)efficiency strongly depends on erbium concentration.Highly doped erbium devices show degraded performance when compared with low concentration ones.The mechanism of upconversion is studied and the effect of it on the performance of an EDFA is analyzed numerically,by means of a set of rate equations model.Approximate analytical solutions,for the rate equations,which include the effect of the upconversion,are presented,when the amplified spontaneous emission can be neglected,compared to the pump and signal powers.Results show that the pump and signal powers all bear degradation due to upconversion.,and the effect can't be neglected when the Er3+ concentration is larger than 2.95×1025 m-3.
The gain degradation of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) with high erbium ion (Er/sup 3+/) concentration at 1.48- and 0.98- mu m pump wavelengths is modeled by introducing inhomogeneous cooperative up-conversion (IhCU). General formulas describing the gain degradation as a function of IhCU rate are obtained by solving rate equations for population probabilities in the relevant Er/sup 3+/ energy levels. The experimental results, such as low gain for high Er/sup 3+/ concentration, and higher saturated gain with counterpropagation than with copropagation pumping, which have not yet been explained theoretically, are qualitatively explained by this model. Good agreement between the measured and calculated gain is obtained. The gain degradation characteristics at 1.48- and 0.98- mu m pump wavelengths are analyzed with this model. The advantage of counterpropagation pumping is determined qualitatively. The noise figure degradation is also evaluated.>