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European Frequency and Time Forum

Influence of an optical dense medium at the Ramsey method of CPT resonance detection

К. А. Баранцев, Г. В. Волошин, A. N. Litvinov, Evgeniy Popov

Published Apr 1, 2018• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we investigate the effects observed in optical dense medium when detecting the coherent population trapping resonance by the Ramsey method. The cloud of cold atoms interacts with two laser pulses one of which excites the coherent population trapping resonance and the second detects it. The signal of radiation passed through the medium and signal of fluorescence were analyzed. Shifts of the side peaks of the Ramsey fringes are observed with increasing optical density of the medium.

DOI
10.1109/eftf.2018.8409004

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In this paper we investigate the effects observed in optical dense medium when detecting the coherent population trapping resonance by the Ramsey method. The cloud of cold atoms interacts with two laser pulses one of which excites the coherent population trapping resonance and the second detects it. The signal of radiation passed through the medium and signal of fluorescence were analyzed. Shifts of the side peaks of the Ramsey fringes are observed with increasing optical density of the medium.
This work is devoted to a theoretical investigation of the Ramsey method of detection of the coherent population trapping resonance in cold atomic clouds taking into account collective effects caused by finite optical depth of the considered clouds. The interaction of atoms with pulsed laser radiation is described in the formalism of density matrix by means of Maxwell-Bloch set of equations. The Ramsey signal of coherent population trapping resonance was calculated for the radiation passed through the medium and analyzed for different length of the atomic cloud. Also the population of excited level was calculated in dependence on the two-photon detuning and coordinate along the main optical axis. The light shift of sidebands and appearance of additional harmonics were discovered.
We investigate the influence of optical thickness on the coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance interrogated by the autobalanced Ramsey method as well as by the method of combined error signals (CESs). We analyze sensitivity of the CPT resonance to the light shift of the etalon transition for the microwave quantum frequency standards based on cold or hot atomic ensembles. When the CPT resonance is excited, two-frequency laser radiation can be significantly absorbed at the atomic transitions of the optical range. The effects of absorption and phase incursion lead to additional shift of the reference resonance. This is an additional factor that degrades the accuracy of the frequency standards because this additional shift can vary with intensity and temperature fluctuations. It was shown that the CES method is more robust in an optically dense medium than is the autobalanced Ramsey method, but it also undergoes the light shift. We found that by choosing the normalization factor of the CES method it is possible to suppress the light shift for a certain density of the medium or suppress its sensitivity to temperature fluctuations.
Abstract A theory is developed for the effect of coherent population trapping (CPT) in ‘hot’ atoms under pulsed pumping in an optically dense medium with a buffer gas. The case is considered when the excited level is not degenerate. Based on an analysis of the shape of Ramsey resonances, we show that with increasing optical density of the medium, the dependence of the light shifts of the CPT resonance becomes more and more nontrivial. The dependence of the light shifts of the CPT resonance on the magnitude of the hyperfine splitting of the excited level, concentration of active atoms, temperature, and duration of the dark pause is constructed.
Abstract The effect of the hyperfine structure of an excited level on the shape of the coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance under Ramsey interrogation is investigated in media with different optical thicknesses. The shape of the CPT resonance is constructed for optically thin and dense media, and the results are compared. The dependence of the light shift on the optical density of a medium is analyzed. The parameters of the field phases are determined for which the light shift remains constant under fluctuations of the optical thickness of the medium.