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Optics Express

On-chip generation of time-and wavelength-division multiplexed multiple time-bin entanglement

Wentan Fang, Yin‐Hai Li, Zhi‐Yuan Zhou, Lixin Xu, Guang‐Can Guo, Bao‐Sen Shi

Published May 4, 2018• 28 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical quantum states based on entangled photons are the key resource in quantum-information science. The realization of multiplexed multiple entanglement are necessary for developing high-capacity quantum information process. Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) has recently become a leading platform for generating and processing of non-classical optical states. In this work, by combining the wavelength- and time-division multiplexing technologies, we demonstrate a multiplexing time-bin entangled photon pair source based on a silicon nanowire waveguide and distribute entangled photons into 3(time) × 14(wavelength) channels independently. The indistinguishability of photon pairs in each time channel is confirmed by a fourfold Hong-Ou-Mandal quantum interference. Our work paves a new and promising way to achieve a high capacity quantum communication and to generate a multiple-photon non-classical state.

DOI
10.1364/oe.26.012912

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Optical quantum states based on entangled photons are the key resource in quantum-information science. The realization of multiplexed multiple entanglement are necessary for developing high-capacity quantum information process. Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) has recently become a leading platform for generating and processing of non-classical optical states. In this work, by combining the wavelength- and time-division multiplexing technologies, we demonstrate a multiplexing time-bin entangled photon pair source based on a silicon nanowire waveguide and distribute entangled photons into 3(time) × 14(wavelength) channels independently. The indistinguishability of photon pairs in each time channel is confirmed by a fourfold Hong-Ou-Mandal quantum interference. Our work paves a new and promising way to achieve a high capacity quantum communication and to generate a multiple-photon non-classical state.
Optical communication systems are able to send the information from one user to another in light beams that travel through the free space or optical fibers, therefore how to send larger amounts of information in smaller periods of time is a long term concern, one promising way is to use multiplexing of photon's different degrees of freedoms to parallel handle the large amounts of information in multiple channels independently. In this work, by combining the wavelength and time division multiplexing technologies, we prepare a multifrequency mode time bin entangled photon pair source at different time slots by using four wave mixing in a silicon nanowire waveguide, and distribute entangled photons into 3 time by 14 wavelength channels independently, which can significantly increase the bit rate compared with the single channel systems in quantum communication. Our work paves a new and promising way to achieve a high capacity quantum communication and to generate a multiple photon nonclassical state.
The silicon-on-insulator waveguide is one of the most promising platforms for scalable quantum information processing. The authors present multiplexed energy-time, time-bin, and polarization-entanglement photon sources from a single silicon nanowire on a chip. These sources offer high brightness and high entanglement quality across more than 10 correlated channels, and are fully compatible with dense-wave-division multiplexing (DWDM). They could be used for quantum key distribution, teleportation, entanglement swapping, and many other applications in quantum communication and computation.
Quantum networks based on wavelength-multiplexed entanglement enable parallel distribution of quantum correlations, increasing channel capacity for secure communication and distributed quantum information processing. However, broadband integrated sources capable of generating multipartite entanglement beyond photon pairs remain scarce. Here we report on-chip generation of telecom-band four-photon entanglement in a periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) waveguide. Type-0 spontaneous parametric down-conversion provides a phase-matching bandwidth exceeding 200 nm, enabling spectrally separable generation of multi-photon entanglement across the telecom band. The generated photons are encoded in time bins for robust fiber compatibility, and a coherent interface enabling reversible conversion between time-bin and polarization degrees of freedom allows complete quantum state tomography. We measure two-photon entanglement with a brightness of 6.7 MHz/mW/nm and a fidelity of 0.874±0.0020.874 \pm 0.0020.874±0.002. At a pump power of 0.08 mW, the four-photon state exhibits a fourfold coincidence rate of 1 Hz and a fidelity of 0.74±0.010.74 \pm 0.010.74±0.01, representing a threefold improvement over previous integrated platforms. Our results establish LNOI as a scalable platform for broadband multi-photon entanglement and provide a practical route toward dense wavelength-multiplexed quantum networks.
Entangled photon pairs based on silicon straight waveguides have been applied in the area of quantum information owing to the compactness of the devices and high nonlinearity of the silicon material. In order to fully take advantage of the broad emission spectrum of photon pairs for quantum-key-distribution, dense wavelength division multiplexer (DWDM) is often required. However, the relationship between the channel bandwidth of DWDM and the two-photon interference visibility remains unambiguous, in which the high visibility of quantum interference fundamentally reduces quantum bit error rate in quantum-key-distribution system. In this paper, time-bin entangled photon pairs with a raw visibility of 94.3% ± 3.3% are generated in a silicon chip with a channel bandwidth of 0.1 nm, showing a violation of Bell’s inequality by more than three standard deviations, and a fidelity of 0.942 ± 0.02 is obtained by quantum state tomography. Applying variable channel bandwidths, the corresponding two-photon interference visibilities are measured, fitting well with the theoretical model incorporating multiple parameters such as optical loss, dark count probability, and averaged photon-pair number in DWDM channel.
Multiphoton entanglement plays a critical role in quantum information processing, and greatly improves our fundamental understanding of the quantum world. Despite tremendous efforts in either bulk media or fiber-based devices, nonlinear interactions in integrated circuits show great promise as an excellent platform for photon pair generation with its high brightness, stability and scalability \cite{Caspani2017}. Here, we demonstrate the generation of bi- and multiphoton polarization entangled qubits in a single silicon nanowire waveguide, and these qubits directly compatible with the dense wavelength division multiplexing in telecommunication system. Multiphoton interference and quantum state tomography were used to characterize the quality of the entangled states. Four-photon entanglement states among two frequency channels were ascertained with a fidelity of 0.78±0.020.78\pm0.020.78±0.02. Our work realizes the integrated multiphoton source in a relatively simple pattern and paves a way for the revolution of multiphoton quantum science.