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Optics Express

Semi-quantum noise randomized data encryption based on an amplified spontaneous emission light source

Haisong Jiao, Tao Pu, Jilin Zheng, Hua Ren Zhou, Lin Nu Lu, Peng Xiang, Jiyong Zhao, Weiwei Wang

Published Apr 20, 2018• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The first semi-quantum noise randomized cipher based on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source employing Y-00 protocol is proposed and demonstrated by a proof-of-principle experiment. As the signal carrier, ASE light can provide another fundamental uncertainty, namely, self-beating noise of ASE signal, which is much bigger than quantum shot noise of mesoscopic coherent state and also inevitable. By incorporating both the shot noise and beat noise of ASE signals, the security will be improved with a larger number of masked signals (NMS) under intrinsic noise. After formulating NMS and Q-factor in theory, we investigate the impacts of key system parameters on the security and transmission performances, respectively, in order to optimize the system design. To evidence the theoretical results, an experimental setup with balanced photodetector (BPD) as decoder is constructed. The local light modulated by M/2-ary running key is applied as optical threshold signal, which is fed into BPD together with the M-ary ASE signal, outputting the binary signal. Eventually, a 128-level Y-00 realization based on ASE source is realized at 2.5Gb/s over 100-km fiber. The experimental results agree with the theory in the trend, which indicate the validity and feasibility of the proposed scheme.

DOI
10.1364/oe.26.011587

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arXiv:2008.11886•Quantum Science and Technology•Oct 1, 2020•23 citations
The first semi-quantum noise randomized cipher based on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source employing Y-00 protocol is proposed and demonstrated by a proof-of-principle experiment. As the signal carrier, ASE light can provide another fundamental uncertainty, namely, self-beating noise of ASE signal, which is much bigger than quantum shot noise of mesoscopic coherent state and also inevitable. By incorporating both the shot noise and beat noise of ASE signals, the security will be improved with a larger number of masked signals (NMS) under intrinsic noise. After formulating NMS and Q-factor in theory, we investigate the impacts of key system parameters on the security and transmission performances, respectively, in order to optimize the system design. To evidence the theoretical results, an experimental setup with balanced photodetector (BPD) as decoder is constructed. The local light modulated by M/2-ary running key is applied as optical threshold signal, which is fed into BPD together with the M-ary ASE signal, outputting the binary signal. Eventually, a 128-level Y-00 realization based on ASE source is realized at 2.5Gb/s over 100-km fiber. The experimental results agree with the theory in the trend, which indicate the validity and feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light is the most natural optical carrier to hide a message in the existing optical networks at photonic layer. To enhance the anti-intercept ability of the ASE-carried stealth channel, a novel optical stealth communication scheme based on quantum noise stream cipher is proposed. The ASE light is intensity modulated by the cipher-text according to Y-00 protocol, and then transmitted under public optical noise after power attenuation. The expression of quantum noise stream ciphered ASE signal is derived, and numerical simulation is carried out. A proof-of-concept experiment is set up to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme. The experiment results show that the quantum noise stream ciphered stealth signals can be transmitted over a 25 km single-mode fiber span error-free.
The Internet plays an essential role in modern societies and in the amount of sensitive data transported over the optical networks that shows its' importance has increased drastically. Therefore, it is critical to develop data protection schemes for optical fiber communications to provide user security. The Y-00 quantum-noise randomized stream cipher that employs extremely high-order modulation and restricts an attacker's interception of ciphertext is a practical candidate for providing data protection. In this article, we introduce the operation principle of the Y-00 cipher with respect to data encryption and decryption. The Y-00 cipher combines the mathematical encryption of multi-level signaling and physical randomness, and provides a high level of security to the physical layer of optical communications and a high communication performance. We also present the noise masking phenomenon of the Y-00 cipher with intensity modulation (IM). This noise masking is generated by shot noise, i.e., quantum noise and additive noise such as amplified spontaneous emission noise. The noise masking phenomenon fails an attacker's interception of the ciphertext. The secrecy of the IM Y-00 cipher is also discussed, and an approximate analytical solution is introduced for evaluating the probability of the attackers accurately guessing the ciphertext. Finally, the secrecy of a 1,000-km transmission system is experimentally demonstrated with the Y-00 cipher transceiver at data rate of 1.5-Gb/s using the derived analytical solution to deduce the high secrecy of the entire transmission system.
A record-long 10,118-km fiber transmission with physical layer encryption is demonstrated utilizing a Y-00 cipher based on signal masking by quantum (shot) noise. The Y-00 cipher enables symmetric-key data encryption to ensure the security of the physical layer of optical communications. Irreducible secrecy without significant negative impact on transmission performance is achieved by the synergistic effect of combining seed-key-based high-order modulation and truly random shot noise inevitable in optical detection. This paper reports a comprehensive study of applying a phase-shift-keying (PSK) Y-00 cipher for ultra-long haul fiber transmission. Theoretical analysis shows that security-enhanced transmission over transoceanic-distance (>10,000 km) fiber is feasible when the quadrature PSK data signal is encrypted by converting to a PSK signal with 218 levels. Subsequently, 10,118-km standard single-mode fiber transmission of 48-Gbit/s line-rate dual-polarization PSK Y-00 cipher with 218 levels is experimentally demonstrated. An adequate signal quality above the Q-factor threshold of soft decision forward error correction is achieved together with sufficient signal masking by shot noise, yielding balanced transmission performance and high security in an ultra-long-haul PSK Y-00 cipher transmission system.
A probabilistic shaping (PS) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based on Y-00 quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) has been proposed. We experimentally demonstrated this scheme with data rate of 201.6Gbit/s over a 1200-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) under a 20% SD-FEC threshold. Accounting for the 20% FEC and 6.25% pilot overhead, the achieved net data rate is ∼160Gbit/s. In the proposed scheme, a mathematical cipher (Y-00 protocol) is utilized to convert the original low-order modulation PS-16 (2 2 × 2 2 ) QAM into ultra-dense high-order modulation PS-65536 (2 8 × 2 8 ) QAM. Then, the physical randomness of quantum (shot) noise at photodetection and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise from optical amplifiers are employed to mask the encrypted ultra-dense high-order signal for further improving the security. We further analyze the security performance by two metrics known in the reported QNSC systems, namely the number of masked signals (NMS) of noise and the detection failure probability (DFP). Experimental results show it is difficult or even impossible to extract transmission signals from quantum or ASE noise for an eavesdropper (Eve). We believe that the proposed PS-QAM/QNSC secure transmission scheme has the potential to be compatible with existing high-speed long-distance optical fiber communication systems.
Abstract The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise has been extensively studied and employed to build quantum random number generators (QRNGs). While the previous relative works mainly focus on the realization and verification of the QRNG system, the comprehensive physical model and randomness quantification for the general detection of the ASE noise are still incomplete, which is essential for the quantitative security analysis. In this paper, a systematical physical model for the detection and acquisition of the ASE noise with added electronic noise is developed and verified, based on which the numerical simulations are performed under various setups and the simulation results all significantly fit well with the corresponding experimental data. Then, a randomness quantification method and the corresponding experimentally verifiable approach are proposed and validated, which quantifies the randomness purely resulted from the quantum process and improves the security analysis for the QRNG based on the detection of the ASE noise. The physical model and the randomness quantification method proposed in this paper are of significant feasibility and applicable for the QRNG system with randomness originating from the detection of the photon number with arbitrary distributions.