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Optics Express

Experimental demonstration of 201.6-Gbit/s coherent probabilistic shaping QAM transmission with quantum noise stream cipher over a 1200-km standard single mode fiber

Jihui Sun, Lin Jiang, Anlin Yi, Jiacheng Feng, Xiong Deng, Wei Pan, Bin Luo, Lianshan Yan

Published Feb 27, 2023• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A probabilistic shaping (PS) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based on Y-00 quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) has been proposed. We experimentally demonstrated this scheme with data rate of 201.6Gbit/s over a 1200-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) under a 20% SD-FEC threshold. Accounting for the 20% FEC and 6.25% pilot overhead, the achieved net data rate is ∼160Gbit/s. In the proposed scheme, a mathematical cipher (Y-00 protocol) is utilized to convert the original low-order modulation PS-16 (2 2 × 2 2 ) QAM into ultra-dense high-order modulation PS-65536 (2 8 × 2 8 ) QAM. Then, the physical randomness of quantum (shot) noise at photodetection and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise from optical amplifiers are employed to mask the encrypted ultra-dense high-order signal for further improving the security. We further analyze the security performance by two metrics known in the reported QNSC systems, namely the number of masked signals (NMS) of noise and the detection failure probability (DFP). Experimental results show it is difficult or even impossible to extract transmission signals from quantum or ASE noise for an eavesdropper (Eve). We believe that the proposed PS-QAM/QNSC secure transmission scheme has the potential to be compatible with existing high-speed long-distance optical fiber communication systems.

DOI
10.1364/oe.484431

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A probabilistic shaping (PS) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based on Y-00 quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) has been proposed. We experimentally demonstrated this scheme with data rate of 201.6Gbit/s over a 1200-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) under a 20% SD-FEC threshold. Accounting for the 20% FEC and 6.25% pilot overhead, the achieved net data rate is ∼160Gbit/s. In the proposed scheme, a mathematical cipher (Y-00 protocol) is utilized to convert the original low-order modulation PS-16 (2 2 × 2 2 ) QAM into ultra-dense high-order modulation PS-65536 (2 8 × 2 8 ) QAM. Then, the physical randomness of quantum (shot) noise at photodetection and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise from optical amplifiers are employed to mask the encrypted ultra-dense high-order signal for further improving the security. We further analyze the security performance by two metrics known in the reported QNSC systems, namely the number of masked signals (NMS) of noise and the detection failure probability (DFP). Experimental results show it is difficult or even impossible to extract transmission signals from quantum or ASE noise for an eavesdropper (Eve). We believe that the proposed PS-QAM/QNSC secure transmission scheme has the potential to be compatible with existing high-speed long-distance optical fiber communication systems.
A quantum noise stream cipher scheme (QNSC) based on triangular quadrature amplitude modulation (TQAM) and the secret probabilistic shaping (SPS) is studied. Compared with rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), TQAM is a more compact symmetrical structure, which results in better transmission performance and greater noise masking number. Then, SPS is realized, where the probabilistic shaping information as the secret key is masked into noise and transmitted with the encrypted signal simultaneously. The combination of SPS and QNSC makes it impossible for an attacker to obtain the ciphertext, which enhances the security of QNSC scheme without introducing additional key. TQAM and probabilistic shaping improve the transmission performance of QNSC scheme. Under 7% forward error correction (FEC) threshold in back-to-back system, compared with QAM/QNSC systems, TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 0.6 dB, and SPS-TQAM/QNSC provides an OSNR gain of ∼ 1.2 dB. The proposed scheme is demonstrated with the net data rate of 34.28 Gbit/s over 140 km single-span standard single mode fiber.
We demonstrate the first 40 Gbit/s single-channel polarization-multiplexed, 5 Gsymbol/s, 16 QAM quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) transmission over 480 km by incorporating ASE quantum noise from EDFAs as well as the quantum shot noise of the coherent state with multiple photons for the random masking of data. By using a multi-bit encoded scheme and digital coherent transmission techniques, secure optical communication with a record data capacity and transmission distance has been successfully realized. In this system, the signal level received by Eve is hidden by both the amplitude and the phase noise. The highest number of masked signals, 7.5 x 10(4), was achieved by using a QAM scheme with FEC, which makes it possible to reduce the output power from the transmitter while maintaining an error free condition for Bob. We have newly measured the noise distribution around I and Q encrypted data and shown experimentally with a data size of as large as 2(25) that the noise has a Gaussian distribution with no correlations. This distribution is suitable for the random masking of data.
Abstract Data security is a key feature of future communications networks. Physical layer introduces rich physical mechanisms to increase the complexity of deciphering and provides extensive protection, but faces challenges in compatibility with commercial systems. Quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) has been proposed as a promising solution to overcome this problem by fusing the stream cryptography regime with the quantum noise masking physical mechanism. However, it has limitations in terms of digital to analog conversion and clock data synchronization of ultra-high-order ciphertext as well as flexible control of masking noise. Here we report a 147.9-Gbps device-compatible quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) QNSC secure scheme over 75-km fiber. Thanks to delta-sigma modulator, the transmission of 220 × 220-order QAM-QNSC signal are established through the low-order digital signal. We develop a theoretical model for flexibly regulating the transmission rate and security performance. Broadband optical chaos introduces true randomness and acts on the masking noise.
In the era of large models and big data, the security of optical fiber communication backbone networks has garnered significant attention. Quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) stands as a crucial method for safeguarding the physical layer security of optical fiber communications, yet the current schemes lag behind the rate capabilities of existing 400G optical fiber backbone networks. In this paper, we introduce deep learning into QNSC and propose an end-to-end quantum noise stream cipher (E2E-QNSC) scheme, which encrypts 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) into E2E-65536QAM/QNSC. Our experiments successfully demonstrate secure optical communication with a single-channel rate of 400 Gbps, a total capacity of 8.4 Tbps, and a transmission distance of 1520 km. Even in the most extreme scenarios, the detection failure probability (DFP) of the scheme remains at an excellent level greater than 0.9999, proving the security of the approach. The experimental results presented herein represent the highest rate-distance product record of QNSC secure transmission systems, to the best of our knowledge.
This letter first reports a digital coherent quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC) experiment over 300km fiber without intermediate amplifiers. With the help of Raman fiber amplifiers, ultra-low loss fiber, and the optimized fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm, the results show the system can carry 10.2 Tbit/ s·km data, which is significantly improved in the single polarization and single wavelength digital coherent context without intermediate amplifiers. We further analyze the transmission and security performances under the 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scenario in detail. The number of masked signals of 16 QAM/QNSC is 3843.2.