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International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV)

Features of detection of a single-photon pulse at synchronisation in quantum key distribution systems

Anton Pavlovich Pljonkin, Brij Bhooshan Gupta, Konstantin E. Rumyantsev, Iakov Korovin, Gerald Schaefer

Published Sep 1, 2017• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The object of this study is a two-pass fiber-optic quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase coding states of photons in synchronisation mode. The QKDS is based on a scheme with automatic compensation of polarisation distortions. We use single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPAD) as optical radiation detection devices. We also evaluate the impact of parameters used in QKDS optical radiation detectors on probabilistic and time characteristics of the detected time interval with a weak optical pulse in sync. In this paper, we describe the methodology of the design process to detect a time interval with an optical pulse during synchronisation taking into account the features used in QKDS SPAD. The aim of our work is to evaluate the impact of QKDS changing hardware synchronisation settings on probabilistic and time characteristics of the detection time interval. We describe an algorithm that we have developed to synchronise a QKDS that considers the time to restore the operating state of a photon after registration during synchronisation. For evaluation, we report computer modelling results of the design process to detect a time interval according to the changing parameters applied in SPAD quantum key distribution systems.

DOI
10.1109/iciev.2017.8338555

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The object of this study is a two-pass fiber-optic quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase coding states of photons in synchronisation mode. The QKDS is based on a scheme with automatic compensation of polarisation distortions. We use single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPAD) as optical radiation detection devices. We also evaluate the impact of parameters used in QKDS optical radiation detectors on probabilistic and time characteristics of the detected time interval with a weak optical pulse in sync. In this paper, we describe the methodology of the design process to detect a time interval with an optical pulse during synchronisation taking into account the features used in QKDS SPAD. The aim of our work is to evaluate the impact of QKDS changing hardware synchronisation settings on probabilistic and time characteristics of the detection time interval. We describe an algorithm that we have developed to synchronise a QKDS that considers the time to restore the operating state of a photon after registration during synchronisation. For evaluation, we report computer modelling results of the design process to detect a time interval according to the changing parameters applied in SPAD quantum key distribution systems.
A two-pass fiber-optic quantum key distribution system with phase-encoded photon states in synchronization mode has been investigated. The possibility of applying the analytical expressions for the calculation of the correct detection probability of the signal time window at synchronization has been proved. A modernized algorithm of photon pulse detection, taking into account the dead time of the single-photon avalanche photodiode was proposed. The method of engineering an optical pulse detection process during the synchronization in a quantum key distribution system has been offered.
In the description of quantum key distribution systems, much attention is paid to the operation of quantum cryptography protocols. The main problem is the insufficient study of the synchronization process of quantum key distribution systems. This paper contains a general description of quantum cryptography principles. A two-line fiber-optic quantum key distribution system with phase coding of photon states in transceiver and coding station synchronization mode was examined. A quantum key distribution system was built on the basis of the scheme with automatic compensation of polarization mode distortions. Single-photon avalanche diodes were used as optical radiation detecting devices. It was estimated how the parameters used in quantum key distribution systems of optical detectors affect the detection of the time frame with attenuated optical pulse in synchronization mode with respect to its probabilistic and time-domain characteristics. A design method was given for the process that detects the time frame that includes an optical pulse during synchronization. This paper describes the main quantum communication channel attack methods by removing a portion of optical emission. This paper describes the developed synchronization algorithm that takes into account the time required to restore the photodetector’s operation state after the photon has been registered during synchronization. The computer simulation results of the developed synchronization algorithm were analyzed. The efficiency of the developed algorithm with respect to synchronization process protection from unauthorized gathering of optical emission is demonstrated herein.
The synchronization a two pass self-compensation quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase-encoded photon states are reviewed. A modified algorithm for synchronizing a two pass self-compensation QKDS with phase-encoded photon states was proposed. The first is the emphasis on the implementation in the single-photon mode which improves the synchronization mode security. The second peculiarity is that in case the number of accumulated impulses in two adjacent time windows is equal, it is decided to receive a photon impulse by any of these windows, if the number of accumulated impulses exceeds the number of measured dark current pulses (DCP) in the rest of the windows. In the known algorithm in such a case both windows were taken as noise which was the reason of the signal window skip. An analytical expression for the correct detection probability calculation of the photon impulse receipt in the algorithm proposed for the sync initialization of the QKDS.
The fiber-optical quantum key distribution system with phase coding of photon states is investigated. A description of the principle of the system operation in the mode of forming quantum keys is given. A synchronization process is described, which consists in detecting a time interval with an optical pulse. The results of experimental studies are presented and the basic requirements for the hardware of the quantum key distribution system are formulated. The structural scheme of the interaction interface of the self-compensation quantum key distribution system is shown taking into account the features of the detection equipment. The main parameters and relationships that should be taken into account when developing the interface model are given.
A two-pass auto-compensation fiber-optic quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase-encoded photon states in synchronization mode has been investigated. Preliminary stage sync initialization algorithm of QKDS that requires impulse-repetition period division into time windows as well as signal time window detection has been proposed. The peculiarity of the algorithm being investigated is that it is implemented in the single-photon mode which improves the synchronization mode security. The second peculiarity is that in case the number of accumulated impulses in two adjacent time windows is equal, it is decided to receive a photon impulse by any of these windows, if the number of accumulated impulses exceeds the number of registered impulses in the rest of the windows. Algorithm modeling has discovered that when the number of time windows is changed from 2 to 100000 probabilities limit values difference does not exceed 0.5 %. Requirements of time window duration ratio to the photon impulse have been formulated. It has been demonstrated that when the number of time windows is increased from 2 to 1024 the probability reduces by less than 1.5 % in case of time uncertainty decrease in respect to the photon impulse occurrence in 512 times. An analytical expression for computation of a signal time window correct detection probability in the proposed algorithm of the preliminary stage QKDS synchronization.
The parameters of the two-stage synchronization algorithm for the auto-compensation quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are investigated. The synchronization algorithm does not provide for splitting a frame equal to the period of the optical clock to the time windows. The equipment operates in the search mode for receiving a photon. The equipment goes into test mode when receiving a photon. The reception of a photon in the test mode is possible only during the action of the strobe pulse. The rest of the time the channel does not react to photons and dark current impulses (DCI). The algorithm provides for sequential testing of frames with a stop at registration of the first photon. The algorithm makes a decision about the absence of a signal after a specified number of tests. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to use single-photon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with a significant time delay between the moments of photon reception and the restoration of APD.