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International Conference on Security of Information and Networks (SIN)

Parameters of the two-stage synchronization algorithm for the quantum key distribution system

Konstantin E. Rumyantsev, Рудинский Евгений Андреевич

Published Oct 13, 2017• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The parameters of the two-stage synchronization algorithm for the auto-compensation quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are investigated. The synchronization algorithm does not provide for splitting a frame equal to the period of the optical clock to the time windows. The equipment operates in the search mode for receiving a photon. The equipment goes into test mode when receiving a photon. The reception of a photon in the test mode is possible only during the action of the strobe pulse. The rest of the time the channel does not react to photons and dark current impulses (DCI). The algorithm provides for sequential testing of frames with a stop at registration of the first photon. The algorithm makes a decision about the absence of a signal after a specified number of tests. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to use single-photon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with a significant time delay between the moments of photon reception and the restoration of APD.

DOI
10.1145/3136825.3136888

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The parameters of the two-stage synchronization algorithm for the auto-compensation quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are investigated. The synchronization algorithm does not provide for splitting a frame equal to the period of the optical clock to the time windows. The equipment operates in the search mode for receiving a photon. The equipment goes into test mode when receiving a photon. The reception of a photon in the test mode is possible only during the action of the strobe pulse. The rest of the time the channel does not react to photons and dark current impulses (DCI). The algorithm provides for sequential testing of frames with a stop at registration of the first photon. The algorithm makes a decision about the absence of a signal after a specified number of tests. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to use single-photon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with a significant time delay between the moments of photon reception and the restoration of APD.
A two-pass auto-compensation fiber-optic quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase-encoded photon states in synchronization mode has been investigated. Preliminary stage sync initialization algorithm of QKDS that requires impulse-repetition period division into time windows as well as signal time window detection has been proposed. The peculiarity of the algorithm being investigated is that it is implemented in the single-photon mode which improves the synchronization mode security. The second peculiarity is that in case the number of accumulated impulses in two adjacent time windows is equal, it is decided to receive a photon impulse by any of these windows, if the number of accumulated impulses exceeds the number of registered impulses in the rest of the windows. Algorithm modeling has discovered that when the number of time windows is changed from 2 to 100000 probabilities limit values difference does not exceed 0.5 %. Requirements of time window duration ratio to the photon impulse have been formulated. It has been demonstrated that when the number of time windows is increased from 2 to 1024 the probability reduces by less than 1.5 % in case of time uncertainty decrease in respect to the photon impulse occurrence in 512 times. An analytical expression for computation of a signal time window correct detection probability in the proposed algorithm of the preliminary stage QKDS synchronization.
The synchronization subsystem is investigated for the quantum key distribution (QKD), where photon pulses are used as sync signals. The analyzed two-stage synchronization algorithm is based on the fact that the pulse-repetition period and the duration of the optical sync signals are known. Analytical expressions are obtained that establish the functional relationship between the energy parameters and probability characteristics of the single-photon synchronization subsystem, and the parameters of an optical fiber, a transmitting optical module, and a single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). The requirements for the choice of the steps number in the search stage and the allowable tests number that guarantee the maximum length of the communication line are formulated. It is shown that for actually used single-photon avalanche photodiodes, the length of the fiber-optic line is limited due to the frequency of generation of dark current pulses (DCP)by a value of 51 km with a synchronization error probability of 0.05.
The synchronization a two pass self-compensation quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase-encoded photon states are reviewed. A modified algorithm for synchronizing a two pass self-compensation QKDS with phase-encoded photon states was proposed. The first is the emphasis on the implementation in the single-photon mode which improves the synchronization mode security. The second peculiarity is that in case the number of accumulated impulses in two adjacent time windows is equal, it is decided to receive a photon impulse by any of these windows, if the number of accumulated impulses exceeds the number of measured dark current pulses (DCP) in the rest of the windows. In the known algorithm in such a case both windows were taken as noise which was the reason of the signal window skip. An analytical expression for the correct detection probability calculation of the photon impulse receipt in the algorithm proposed for the sync initialization of the QKDS.
The two pass auto compensation quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase-encoded states of photons in synchronization mode are studied. The algorithm of synchronization QKDS, presupposing the division of the repetition period of the optical pulses on the time windows and the detection of the signal window are offered. The peculiarity of the algorithm is that it is implemented in the single-photon mode, increasing the security of synchronization mode. The second feature of the algorithm is that when equal numbers of accumulated pulses in two adjacent time windows, a decision for admission photon pulse in any of the windows, if the number of accumulated pulses in it exceeds the number of detected pulses in the other windows. In a certain algorithm in this case, both windows were “noises” that was the reason for missing the signal window. Modeling algorithm found that when the number of time windows from 2 to 1024, the difference of the limiting values of the probability does not exceed 3.34%. The requirements with respect to the duration of the time window and the photon momentum are formulated. It is shown that increasing the number of time windows from 2 to 1024 implies reducing the probability of less than 2% while maintaining the time of uncertainty in relation of emergence the photon pulse 512 times. An analytical expression for the calculation of the probability of correct detection of the signal time window in the proposed synchronization algorithm QKDS.
Abstract The analysis of time and probabilistic characteristics is carried out for a two-stage synchronization algorithm in a quantum key distribution (QKD) system with automatic compensation of polarization distortions. Formulas are obtained for calculating the missing probabilities a signal pair of windows, false alarm and successful synchronization. The dependences of the missing probability a signal pair on the average number of photons and noise pulses are investigated during the analysis of a pair of windows for different threshold levels. The numerical material obtained in the course of the study indicates the possibility of using for express calculations the probability of detecting a signal pair of windows formulas oriented to the normal distribution of the number of recorded pulses at the output of a single-photon avalanche photodiode.
A two-pass fiber-optic quantum key distribution system with phase-encoded photon states in synchronization mode has been investigated. The possibility of applying the analytical expressions for the calculation of the correct detection probability of the signal time window at synchronization has been proved. A modernized algorithm of photon pulse detection, taking into account the dead time of the single-photon avalanche photodiode was proposed. The method of engineering an optical pulse detection process during the synchronization in a quantum key distribution system has been offered.