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Journal of Physics Communications

Quantization of mechanical systems

Jesús Muñoz-Díaz, Ricardo J. Alonso-Blanco

Published Jan 17, 2018• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we show what seems to be the (very simple) key for quantization of classical systems. Given a manifold M , each pair given by a riemannian metric (nondegenerate, of arbitrary signature) and a linear connection, canonically determine a quantization rule or 'Correspondence Principle', which assigns to each classical magnitude (function in TM , subject to certain conditions) a differential operator in . The issue about the order in which the p ' and q ' are to be taken in quantization loses all meaning, when the general rule has been fixed. Once specified the Correspondence Principle, each 'classical state' of the system, understood as a vector field on M , determines a wave equation for each magnitude. The Schrödinger equation is a particular example of these wave equations.

DOI
10.1088/2399-6528/aaa850

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In this paper we show what seems to be the (very simple) key for quantization of classical systems. Given a manifold M , each pair given by a riemannian metric (nondegenerate, of arbitrary signature) and a linear connection, canonically determine a quantization rule or 'Correspondence Principle', which assigns to each classical magnitude (function in TM , subject to certain conditions) a differential operator in . The issue about the order in which the p ' and q ' are to be taken in quantization loses all meaning, when the general rule has been fixed. Once specified the Correspondence Principle, each 'classical state' of the system, understood as a vector field on M , determines a wave equation for each magnitude. The Schrödinger equation is a particular example of these wave equations.
We present a canonical way of assigning to each magnitude of a classical mechanical system a differential operator in the configuration space, thus rigorously establishing the Correspondence Principle for such systems. Here we show how each classical state given in the whole system determine, for each classical magnitude, a wave equation, whose solutions are the possible quantum states for the given state and classical magnitude. Classical states and quantum states corresponding with the same system are reciprocally conditioned.
The thesis divides naturally into two parts. Part I raises, and in some cases answers, questions concerning symmetry in classical mechanics. The main result (Theorem 6.4) shows that the assumption of the existence of a realization puts an upper limit on the rank of the algebra. \n \n The heart of the thesis (covering three-quarters of the volume) is section II on the quantization of classical systems. §1 lists axioms desirable in any quantization rule for the 'functions of the q's'. The momentum observables are introduced in §2 prior to their quantization in §4. §5 essentially shows how conventional quantum mechanics fits into this scheme of things. By progressive specialization from a general manifold to a vector space, from a general quantization scheme to one which is linear on the linear momentum functions, and finally to an entirely well-behaved (admissible) quantization rule, into which conventional quantum mechanics fits nicely, we obtain in §7-§9 results which become progressively more and more powerful. The final theorem (Theorem 9.2) is perhaps the most significant of all. This result states that there exists a class of functions, which contains all functions of the q's and functions of the p's and all momentum observables and which is closed with respect to any linear canonical transformation L; a rule A assigning a unique self-adjoint operator to each such function f; a unitary operator WL corresponding to L and an equation \n \n𝛬(𝑓 ∘ 𝐿) = 𝑊[sub]𝐿⁻ 𝛬 𝑓 𝑊[sub]𝐿
Following previous works by E. Prugovečki [Physica A 91A, 202 (1978) and Stochastic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Space–time (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986)] on common features of classical and quantum mechanics, we develop a unified mathematical framework for classical and quantum mechanics (based on L2-spaces over classical phase space), in order to investigate to what extent quantum mechanics can be obtained as a simple modification of classical mechanics (on both logical and analytical levels). To obtain this unified framework, we split quantum theory in two parts: (i) general quantum axiomatics (a system is described by a state in a Hilbert space, observables are self-adjoints operators, and so on) and (ii) quantum mechanics proper that specifies the Hilbert space as L2(Rn); the Heisenberg rule [pi,qj]=−iℏδij with p=−iℏ∇, the free Hamiltonian H=−ℏ2Δ/2m and so on. We show that general quantum axiomatics (up to a supplementary “axiom of classicity”) can be used as a nonstandard mathematical ground to formulate physical ideas and equations of ordinary classical statistical mechanics. So, the question of a “true quantization” with “ℏ” must be seen as an independent physical problem not directly related with quantum formalism. At this stage, we show that this nonstandard formulation of classical mechanics exhibits a new kind of operation that has no classical counterpart: this operation is related to the “quantization process,” and we show why quantization physically depends on group theory (the Galilei group). This analytical procedure of quantization replaces the “correspondence principle” (or canonical quantization) and allows us to map classical mechanics into quantum mechanics, giving all operators of quantum dynamics and the Schrödinger equation. The great advantage of this point of view is that quantization is based on concrete physical arguments and not derived from some “pure algebraic rule” (we exhibit also some limit of the correspondence principle). Moreover spins for particles are naturally generated, including an approximation of their interaction with magnetic fields. We also recover by this approach the semi-classical formalism developed by E. Prugovečki [Stochastic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Space–time (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986)].
In this initial paper in a series, we first discuss why classical motions of small particles should be treated statistically. Then we show that any attempted statistical description of any nonrelativistic classical system inevitably yields the multi-coordinate Schrödinger equation, with its usual boundary conditions, as an essential statistical equation for the system. We derive the general "canonical quantization" rule, that the Hamiltonian operator must be the classical Hamiltonian in the NNN-dimensional metric configuration space defined by the classical kinetic energy of the system, with the classical conjugate momentum NNN-vector replaced by −iℏ-i\hbar−iℏ times the vector gradient operator in that space. We obtain these results by using conservation of probability, general tensor calculus, the Madelung transform, the Ehrenfest theorem and/or the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, and comparison with results for the charged harmonic oscillator in stochastic electrodynamics. We also provide two illustrative examples and a discussion of how coordinate trajectories could be compatible with wave properties such as interference, diffraction, and tunneling.
Geometric quantization is an attempt at using the differential-geometric ingredients of classical phase spaces regarded as symplectic manifolds in order to define a corresponding quantum theory. Generally, the process of geometric quantization is applicable to other symplectic manifolds, not only cotangent spaces. The resulting formalism provides a way of looking at quantum theory that is distinct from conventional approaches to the subject, e.g., the Dirac bra-ket formalism. In particular, such familiar features as the quantization of spin, the canonical quantization of position and momentum, and the Schrödinger equation all emerge from geometric quantization. This paper serves as a review of the subject written in an informal style, often taking an example-based approach to exposition, and attempts to present the material without assuming the reader is an expert in differential geometry.