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arXiv:1701.04239

On the quantization of mechanical systems

Jesús Muñoz-Díaz, Ricardo J. Alonso-Blanco

Published Jan 16, 2017• 0 citations
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Abstract

We present a canonical way of assigning to each magnitude of a classical mechanical system a differential operator in the configuration space, thus rigorously establishing the Correspondence Principle for such systems. Here we show how each classical state given in the whole system determine, for each classical magnitude, a wave equation, whose solutions are the possible quantum states for the given state and classical magnitude. Classical states and quantum states corresponding with the same system are reciprocally conditioned.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1701.04239

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We present a canonical way of assigning to each magnitude of a classical mechanical system a differential operator in the configuration space, thus rigorously establishing the Correspondence Principle for such systems. Here we show how each classical state given in the whole system determine, for each classical magnitude, a wave equation, whose solutions are the possible quantum states for the given state and classical magnitude. Classical states and quantum states corresponding with the same system are reciprocally conditioned.
In this paper we show what seems to be the (very simple) key for quantization of classical systems. Given a manifold M , each pair given by a riemannian metric (nondegenerate, of arbitrary signature) and a linear connection, canonically determine a quantization rule or 'Correspondence Principle', which assigns to each classical magnitude (function in TM , subject to certain conditions) a differential operator in . The issue about the order in which the p ' and q ' are to be taken in quantization loses all meaning, when the general rule has been fixed. Once specified the Correspondence Principle, each 'classical state' of the system, understood as a vector field on M , determines a wave equation for each magnitude. The Schrödinger equation is a particular example of these wave equations.
By using the formulation of quantum mechanics with classical pictures, the motion of a quantum is analysed for linear harmonic oscillator. On this occasion it is postulated that the quantum mechanical momentum of the quantum is approximately equal to the corresponding classical mechanical momentum in the region of validity of the coordinates. According to this analysis it is shown that the quantum mechanical motion well corresponds to the classical motion, and that the wave equation determines the associated wave along the whole orbit of the quantum in the configuration space and the uniqueness of the wave throughout the orbit plays an important role in quantum mechanics. In addition to the above, an attempt is made to make clear the well-known fact that classical mechanics with the quantization gives approximately the same results as quantum mechanics.
Striking parallelism between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics is evidenced for several bound system in a rather general form by introducing reasonably “quantum-mechanical momentum” from the Schrödinger equation. The following are proved: The “quantum-mechanical momentum” which is nearly equal to the corresponding classical momentum in “classical region” can be defined in the whole range of validity of the coordinate for the bound systems. In the same way as in classical mechanics, in quantum mechanics one can construct an associated wave accompanying a motion of a quantum particle and obeying the Schrödinger equation. The uniqueness condition on the associated wave throughout an orbit leads to the boundary condition on the wave function which is composed of the associated wave and to “quantum-mechanical quantization condition”, equivalently. In addition, all these quantum-mechanical quantities are approximately equal to the corresponding classical ones in the “classical region” of the coordinate. In particular it is demonstrated that even for a bound system of a singular (central) potential exists the ground state with the lowest energy eigenvalue. It is proved in one dimension that to any physical system obeying the Schrödinger equation always exists the corresponding classical system.
Introducing a dimensional unit \hbar into classical mechanics, we make classical wave functions √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar)-√ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) for a one-particle system in the configuration space where √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar) corresponds to the incident path (or one half) of an orbit and √ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) to the outgoing (or another half), and ρ's and S's are densities and actions respectively. These classical wave functions are compared with the corresponding wave functions of solutions of the Schrödinger equation for three one-particle systems, the scattering by a Coulomb potential, the linear harmonic oscillator and an electron bound by a Coulomb potential. From the essential correspondence between them it is concluded that the Schrödinger wave function describes the steady, causal but a little imaginary motion of the one-particle system as √ρexp (iS/\hbar) in the configuration space where ρ is a density and S an action, and that the states which the wave equation describes exist continuously (not discrete) and the (discrete) stationary states are the ones where √ρexp (iS/\hbar) is uniquely determined throughout an orbit. The Dirac equation shows that an electron of optics (or the electromagnetic wave equation) can be considered as the Schrödinger (or Dirac) equation for the motion of a photon, a particle, in a potential. A quantum-electrodynamical wave equation which is composed of the Dirac equation with a Coulomb potential and the electromagnetic wave equation is constructed for the steady motion of a one-electron system without recource to the so-called second-quantization method. It gives finite energy shifts. A line shift is calculated: ΔE(2S1/2 →2P1/2) \cong709 Mc/s.
A quantization of a fixed classical mechanical system is firstly an association between quantum mechanical observables (preferably self-adjoint operators on Hilbert space) and classical mechanical observables (i.e. real-valued functions on phase space). Secondly, a quantization should permit an interpretation of the correspondence principle that ‘classical mechanics is the limit of quantum mechanics as Planck's constant approaches zero'. With these two underlying precepts, Section 2 states the four basic requirements, I to IV, of a quantization along with an additional requirement V that characterizes the subclass of special quantizations.
The eigenvalue problem in quantum mechanics is reduced to quantization of the classical action of the physical system. State function of the system, ψ0(ϕ)ψ_0(ϕ)ψ0​(ϕ), is written in the form of superposition of two plane waves in the phase space. Quantization condition is derived from the basic requirements of continuity and finiteness for ψ0(ϕ)ψ_0(ϕ)ψ0​(ϕ) in the whole region.