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Devices and Methods of Measurements

DEVICE FOR BINARY DATA TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING OVER A FIBEROPTIC COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

A. M. Timofeev

Published Mar 20, 2018• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

When transferring data over optical fiber communication channels, it is required to provide data security and the authenticity of their source. To limit the access to the data for a third party, there can be applied quantum-cryptographical systems which are supposed to transfer every data bit by means of low power optical signals containing radiation photons the number of which could be in the range from 10 to 1, however, are far from being perfect and suffer from shortcomings, the main of which being a large number of errors due to the depolarization effect of optical radiation. The aim of this work was, therefore, to create device for sending and receiving confidential data which could provide complete security of transferred data, inherent to quantum-cryptographical communication systems at the same time could have a low number of such errors. A device for quantum-cryptographic communication system with a photon counter applied as a receiving module has been proposed. The possibility to use silicon avalanche photodetectors operating in the photon counting mode for confidential information transmission systems and defining authenticity of the source of transmitted information has been shown. I develop modern optical fiber communication system incorporating avalanche photodetector photon counter as a receiving module, that allow to detect unauthorized access to information and violation of its integrity and speed up the exchange of information in comparison with well-known quantum-cryptographical communication systems.

DOI
10.21122/2220-9506-2018-9-1-17-27

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When transferring data over optical fiber communication channels, it is required to provide data security and the authenticity of their source. To limit the access to the data for a third party, there can be applied quantum-cryptographical systems which are supposed to transfer every data bit by means of low power optical signals containing radiation photons the number of which could be in the range from 10 to 1, however, are far from being perfect and suffer from shortcomings, the main of which being a large number of errors due to the depolarization effect of optical radiation. The aim of this work was, therefore, to create device for sending and receiving confidential data which could provide complete security of transferred data, inherent to quantum-cryptographical communication systems at the same time could have a low number of such errors. A device for quantum-cryptographic communication system with a photon counter applied as a receiving module has been proposed. The possibility to use silicon avalanche photodetectors operating in the photon counting mode for confidential information transmission systems and defining authenticity of the source of transmitted information has been shown. I develop modern optical fiber communication system incorporating avalanche photodetector photon counter as a receiving module, that allow to detect unauthorized access to information and violation of its integrity and speed up the exchange of information in comparison with well-known quantum-cryptographical communication systems.
The method and the scheme of multichannel quantum system of secure communication for transfer of confidential data on optical fiber are developed. The considered scheme combines quantum key distribution with quantum secure data transmission. Such approach does not give possibility to the eavesdropper to decipher that part of information, which he can receive before the detection. The suggested scheme provides higher security level of transferred confidential information, than known, which use traditional pro-tocols of symmetric enciphering in a combination to quantum key distribution. It is found out that for the transmission protected in such a way on optical fiber the choice of wavelengths of 850 and 1625 nanometers is optimum. It is found out that when using in such systems of the avalanche photo diode FD-115L it is possible to provide a speed of information transfer up to 0,8 Mbps in one channel. For increase in speed of transfer, it is proposed to use two and more channels of transfer.
The possibility of using photon counters based on avalanche photodiodes to implement a quantum system for key distribution is shown. The security of encryption key distribution is realized with application of eavesdropper detection technique. The detection technique uses quantum control signal. The structural scheme of the quantum system is presented. The effect of photodetector parameters and the length of optical fiber on the eavesdropper detection time have been determined. The conditions and characteristics of the system to organize a secure channel for generation and transfer of encryption keys over optical fiber communication lines have been determined.
Receiving modules of single-photon communication systems should provide the smallest loss of transmitted information when measuring low-power optical signals. In this regard, it is advisable to use photon counters. They are the most highly sensitive, but characterized by data recording errors. The aim of this work was to develop a method for determining the intensity of recorded optical signal in a singlephoton communication channel with a receiving module based on a photon counter, which ensures the least probability of erroneous registration of transmitted binary symbols. Methods of achieving the least loss of information in asynchronous photon binary communication channel with a receiver-based photon counter has been developed. A device for implementing this methods has been created. The method is based on using the statistical distribution of the mixture of the number of dark and signal pulses received at the output of the photon counter when registering binary symbols "0" P st 0 ( N ) and symbols "1" P st 1 ( N ). The essence of the method consists in determining the intensities of optical signals for transmitting binary symbols ("0" and "1") and threshold levels of the pulses N 1 and N 2 registered at the output of the photon counter. The method allows to determine the lower and upper threshold levels of recorded pulses and the intensity of optical signals in the transmission of binary data. Moreover, the probability of erroneous registration of binary symbols is minimal.
The system for transmission and reception of confidential information over fiber-optic communication line on the basis of created single-quantum registration system of optical radiation has 43 been suggested. With regard to such a communication system two types of optical wavelengths have been experimentally justified. One type of optical wavelength is used for information transfer and the second one for time synchronization of information transmission and reception, as well as for detection of unauthorized access to information, created with optical fiber macrobends. Optimal values of optical power, which allowed to provide the highest confidential information data rate and detect more effectively possible data loss channels have been established.
An important issue in today’s information society is the security of data transmission against potential intruders, which always put at risk the confidentiality. Current methods to increase security require that the two parties wishing to transmit information, exchange or share one or more security keys. Once the key has been identified, the information can be transferred in a provable secure way using a one-time pad, i. e. the key length is as long as the plaintext. Therefore, the security of the information transmission is based exclusively on the security of the key exchange. Quantum cryptography, or more precisely quantum key distribution (QKD), guarantees absolutely secure key distribution based on the principles of quantum physics, according to which it is not possible to measure or reproduce a state (e.g. polarization or phase of a photon) without being detected. The key is generated out from the measurement of the information encoded into specific quantum states of a photon, named qubits. For example, a qubit can be created using properties such as the polarization or the phase of a photon. Achieved goals of this thesis are the development of a new class of high speed integrated photonic sources for applications in quantum key distribution systems, capable of producing unprecedented qubit rates (100 Mbps - 1 Gbps) and transmitting those over larger distances than those achieved so far (> 200 km). More specifically the work has been focused on developing faint pulse sources which can be used in very demanding environmental conditions, such as those in Space. For the development of these sources, apart from the optical design, essential is the opto-mechanical engineering as well as the integration with the electronics. One of the objectives was to achieve very high level of integration and power efficiency, e.g. volumes and power consumption between 10 and 100 times smaller than those typical of a laboratory experiment. Moreover, work in related parts of a whole QKD transmission system has been carried out. In particular, a new scheme for a compact, fast and simple random number generator has been demonstrated successfully achieving a random number generation rate of 1:1 Gbps. Also, during the course of this thesis, the development and engineering of a free-space QKD optical link has been initiated. This thesis makes use of novel ideas to alternatively demonstrate proof-of- concept experiments, which could then further develop into commercial products. To this end, close collaborations with world-wide leading companies in the field have been established. The Optoelectronics Group at ICFO has been involved in current European Space Agency (ESA) projects to develop a small footprint and low power consumption quantum transceiver and a high-flux entangled photon source.
The existing methods of information delivery to the strategic and tactical management of many government agencies are expensive, not always reliable and efficient. Therefore, quantum cryptographic systems (QCS) have been actively developed in recent years. However, there are problems with the use of the QCS associated with the reliability of information transfer. First, the existing fiber-optic communication channels (FOCC) are not designed to transmit single-photon signals, which leads to the complexity of their cryptographic protection. The second is insufficiently methodically developed calculation of energy losses and errors in the evaluation of the characteristics of information transfer in FOCC QCS. In article the analysis of the energy loss factors in the classical fiber-optic channel is carried out and the additive loss formula is discussed in detail. Then we consider the fiber-optic channel of quantum information transmission with the use of integrated optical devices. The additive formula of optical losses in such a channel is discussed. The features of losses in integrated optical devices are shown. The features of quantum cryptographic system of information transmission are considered. As a result, the model of FOCC QCS taking into account energy losses is presented, which allows competently in theoretical terms and visualize the passage of information through modern quantum cryptographically secure telecommunications while providing control in government structures.