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Bose Condensation of Atomic Electrons. Experimental Regularities Discussion

Oleg G. Verin

Published Jan 1, 2018• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

The experimental data analysis overturns «modern scientific representation» of the atomic structure. In articles [1-3] is shown, that atomic electrons do not form stochastic orbitals «spread» in space, but «are condensed» in ring or spherical electron shells, and do not behave as independent particles, but demonstrate collective properties. Besides in atom the nonlinear nature of a microcosm becomes evident: the main quantum number of electron states, alongside with integer numbers, gets also fractional values - due to interactions on harmonic components. The weighty confirmation of microcosm nonlinearity was obtained at the analysis of a quantum Hall effect [4]. These discoveries have key value not only for physics development, but also for all natural sciences using in varying degree knowledge about substance structure. Therefore discussion of the experimental regularities showing an inconsistency of the atom theory, which almost century dominated in physics, is extremely important for acceleration of transition to new representations.

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•Aug 1, 2016•0 citations
The experimental data analysis overturns «modern scientific representation» of the atomic structure. In articles [1-3] is shown, that atomic electrons do not form stochastic orbitals «spread» in space, but «are condensed» in ring or spherical electron shells, and do not behave as independent particles, but demonstrate collective properties. Besides in atom the nonlinear nature of a microcosm becomes evident: the main quantum number of electron states, alongside with integer numbers, gets also fractional values - due to interactions on harmonic components. The weighty confirmation of microcosm nonlinearity was obtained at the analysis of a quantum Hall effect [4]. These discoveries have key value not only for physics development, but also for all natural sciences using in varying degree knowledge about substance structure. Therefore discussion of the experimental regularities showing an inconsistency of the atom theory, which almost century dominated in physics, is extremely important for acceleration of transition to new representations.
The analysis based on experimental characteristics of atoms shows, that the theory of electron movement in atom in its modern state is essentially erroneous. It is impossible to consider electrons in atoms as separate particles because in each electron shell they form a Bose-condensate. Therefore real electron collectives absolutely not resemble drawn by the theory stochastic orbital spread in space. In the article physical characteristics data of atoms repeatedly confirmed by experiments are used. Therefore disclosed laws, undoubtedly, have objective character and will be a reliable basis for further researches.
When the atoms in a gas are cooled to extremely low temperatures, their quantum-mechanical nature starts to dominate the properties of the whole gas. Under the appropriate conditions, the atoms will 'condense' into a single quantum state of the system-a phenomenon known as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). The resulting 'condensate' behaves as a single, observable quantum-mechanical object. During the last decade, this new state of matter has displayed many remarkable properties. In this paper, we review some of the most recent experimental developments in the BEC field, highlighting the role of atomic interactions and the high degree of control with which condensates may be manipulated.
A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), the first of which was shown experimentally 22 years ago, isn’t your garden variety state of matter. It formed at a fraction above absolute zero and only in atoms that act like bosons, one of two types of fundamental particles. Bosons don’t follow the Pauli exclusion principle, which prohibits two particles from existing in the same quantum state. When bosonic atoms are cooled to form a condensate, they can lose their individuality. They behave like one big collective superatom, analogous to how photons become indistinguishable in a laser beam. But it’s even weirder than that. This velocity-distribution data for a gas of rubidium atoms confirmed the discovery of the Bose–Einstein condensate in 1995. In these three snapshots in time, atoms—cooled to near absolute zero—condensed from less dense areas on the left (red, yellow, and green) to very dense areas at the center and the right (blue and white). Image courtesy of NIST/JILA/CU-Boulder. “In a very good analogy, one can view a BEC as a bell, which begins to ring spontaneously when it is cooled below a certain temperature,” writes physicist Nick Proukakis at the Joint Quantum Centre Durham–Newcastle in the United Kingdom, in Universal Themes of Bose–Einstein Condensation , a forthcoming collection of research essays on progress in BECs (1). That behavior provides physicists with an extraordinary opportunity: to study bizarre quantum effects on a large scale, instead of having to probe individual particles. For the last two decades, physicists have treated BECs something like Play-Doh. They poke it, smash it, tickle it with lasers, and trap it in magnetic fields. They mix condensates together to see what happens, and use it to slow down light (2). They have observed strange behaviors that would have been impossible to predict even two decades ago: solids that flow …
The article discusses the significance of the arrangement of atoms and molecules in a substance that forms stable systems, such as an atom and a molecule. It examines the patterns of combining elementary particles, such as electrons and nuclei, which are present in nature, to form atoms, as well as their distribution within an atom. The article provides information about the differences in elementary particles, which have been verified by scientists, based on their spin values, and how they follow different distributions based on their spin values, as well as their arrangement within an atom based on the Pauli principle. The Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions are the fundamental concepts of atomic and molecular physics and provide a complete answer to the question of whether the system and the physical properties of a molecule or an atom depend on the arrangement of the elementary particles that make up the system.
The quantum Hall effect observed in a two-dimensional electron gas exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field is one of the most important modern discoveries in condensed matter physics. Advances in technology have allowed both experimental and computer-based theoretical study of miniature-size counterparts of conventional quantum Hall devices. Due to their versatile tunable electronic and magnetic properties, these systems show great promise for future technological applications. This work investigates two-dimensional semiconductor quantum dots and extended quantum rings in the quantum Hall regime. Besides being interesting on purely theoretical grounds as experimentally reachable extreme quantum-mechanical interacting many-body systems, the systems considered have major applicational interest in the realm of quantum information processing. Our emphasis lies in the strongly correlated regime where the enhanced electron-electron interactions lead to a computationally hard problem. For the systems with a few electrons, we employ the in principle exact configuration interaction method, which allows accurate study of the effects of the confinement potential and the effective form of the electron-electron interaction. Larger systems are modeled by Monte Carlo and density functional based methods. Moreover, we develop a computational method based on the reduced density-matrix functional theory to study the physics at the strongly correlated fractional quantum Hall regime with large particle numbers. The main results are related to the interplay of electron correlation and magnetism as well as the effects of tuning the electron correlation through sample engineering. The results on magnetism may find applications in future spintronics devices and spin qubits. Meanwhile, the results on electron correlation are relevant for the attempts to utilize fractional quantum Hall states in topologically protected quantum computing.
Striking and strange is not that electrons in atom form a Bose-condensate, but that we till now for some reason «did not guess» about it and accordingly did not consider this factor as fundamental in the atom theory conception! Where else if not in atom, there is the most suitable place for electrons «condensation»? In fact under «normal conditions» around us, energy of thermal movement is very small (about 0,03 eV) in comparison with that deep potential well (several units, tens and even hundreds of eV) in which atom electrons exist. Many tens of electrons are «squeezed» in few cubic angstroms of atom volume!