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Atomic Electron Shells Formation Laws

Oleg G. Verin

Published Aug 1, 2016• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The analysis based on experimental characteristics of atoms shows, that the theory of electron movement in atom in its modern state is essentially erroneous. It is impossible to consider electrons in atoms as separate particles because in each electron shell they form a Bose-condensate. Therefore real electron collectives absolutely not resemble drawn by the theory stochastic orbital spread in space. In the article physical characteristics data of atoms repeatedly confirmed by experiments are used. Therefore disclosed laws, undoubtedly, have objective character and will be a reliable basis for further researches.

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The analysis based on experimental characteristics of atoms shows, that the theory of electron movement in atom in its modern state is essentially erroneous. It is impossible to consider electrons in atoms as separate particles because in each electron shell they form a Bose-condensate. Therefore real electron collectives absolutely not resemble drawn by the theory stochastic orbital spread in space. In the article physical characteristics data of atoms repeatedly confirmed by experiments are used. Therefore disclosed laws, undoubtedly, have objective character and will be a reliable basis for further researches.
The experimental data analysis overturns «modern scientific representation» of the atomic structure. In articles [1-3] is shown, that atomic electrons do not form stochastic orbitals «spread» in space, but «are condensed» in ring or spherical electron shells, and do not behave as independent particles, but demonstrate collective properties. Besides in atom the nonlinear nature of a microcosm becomes evident: the main quantum number of electron states, alongside with integer numbers, gets also fractional values - due to interactions on harmonic components. The weighty confirmation of microcosm nonlinearity was obtained at the analysis of a quantum Hall effect [4]. These discoveries have key value not only for physics development, but also for all natural sciences using in varying degree knowledge about substance structure. Therefore discussion of the experimental regularities showing an inconsistency of the atom theory, which almost century dominated in physics, is extremely important for acceleration of transition to new representations.
Striking and strange is not that electrons in atom form a Bose-condensate, but that we till now for some reason «did not guess» about it and accordingly did not consider this factor as fundamental in the atom theory conception! Where else if not in atom, there is the most suitable place for electrons «condensation»? In fact under «normal conditions» around us, energy of thermal movement is very small (about 0,03 eV) in comparison with that deep potential well (several units, tens and even hundreds of eV) in which atom electrons exist. Many tens of electrons are «squeezed» in few cubic angstroms of atom volume!
This paper fully recognizes repeatable experimental facts related to atomic spectral observations electron shell arrangement and energy level transitions and respects all observed phenomena. It does not deny the statistical laws corresponding to energy level effects and the Pauli exclusion effect. The core purpose of this paper is to correct the long standing model inversion misunderstanding in quantum theory that is treating artificial definitions and mathematical approximation diagrams used by humans to simplify calculation and facilitate academic communication directly as physical reality in the microscopic world. This paper clearly distinguishes practical calculation rules from underlying physical mechanisms. Induced laws for human deduction and analysis cannot replace the true interaction nature of particles. This paper constructs a microscopic atomic picture based purely on mechanical balance with the core conclusions as follows. Atomic energy levels are not discrete geometric thin lines but continuous spherical potential energy intervals centered on atomic nuclei. The steady state of electron orbits arises from the combined balance of Coulomb repulsion and nuclear attraction instead of being preset in advance. The textbook diagrams showing intersecting orbits and dynamic avoidance of electrons are only effects of planar simplified drawing and do not represent the true microscopic state. Electrons in the same layer maintain stable equal spacing by Coulomb repulsion but spherical surfaces of inner and outer layers have different potential energy gradients leading to obvious differences in energy level gaps and finally differentiated transition spectra. Segmentation of visible light spectra originates from the difference in photoreception of cone cells in human eyes. Man is the measure of all things. Classification of spectra and energy levels by discrete criteria comes from human observational induction while natural ontology remains continuous. The Pauli exclusion effect is not an innate axiom of the universe but a natural mechanical result formed jointly by three dimensional space Coulomb repulsion and potential energy balance. This paper takes mechanical causality as the only main line to uniformly explain atomic energy levels spectral features and electron arrangement rules. All inferences strictly rely on experimental observations.
The results of Bohr model can be used to explain the motion of macroscopic objects or big objects (like orbiting planets and sun, falling stone etc.). These macroscopic objects have essentially a particle nature and Newtonian laws of motion can be applied on them. But it fails when applied to explain the motion of microscopic objects or small objects (like electrons, atoms, molecules etc.). This is because: According to Bohr model, an orbit is a well-defined path and this path can completely be defined only if both the position and velocity of the electron are known exactly at the same time. But this is not possible according to the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Thus, Bohr model contradicts the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle . According to Bohr model, an electron is regarded as a charged particle moving in well-defined circular orbits concentric about the nucleus. The wave character of the electron is not considered. Thus, Bohr model ignores the de-Broglie dual nature of matter .
The results of Bohr model can be used to explain the motion of macroscopic objects or big objects (like orbiting planets and sun, falling stone etc.). These macroscopic objects have essentially a particle nature and Newtonian laws of motion can be applied on them. But it fails when applied to explain the motion of microscopic objects or small objects (like electrons, atoms, molecules etc.). This is because: According to Bohr model, an orbit is a well-defined path and this path can completely be defined only if both the position and velocity of the electron are known exactly at the same time. But this is not possible according to the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Thus, Bohr model contradicts the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle . According to Bohr model, an electron is regarded as a charged particle moving in well-defined circular orbits concentric about the nucleus. The wave character of the electron is not considered. Thus, Bohr model ignores the de-Broglie dual nature of matter .
A hydromechanical model of atomic electron shells, consistent with 21st century experimental results, including those from gold, potassium, copper, and other substances, has been considered. A classical mathematical formulation for the electric force field potential in electron shells is provided, enabling stable electron states on orbits. In the stationary case, this formulation represents a unified Hooke–Newton–Coulomb law for material fields containing Faraday lines, taking the form of a quasilinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The proposed classical model of atomic electron shells avoids traditional quantum mechanics paradoxes.